Welcome to the African Scientific Annual Review (ASAREV), a dynamic journal dedicated to exploring the frontiers of knowledge in Social Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Research Methodologies. The journal is in academic and research cooperation with the Rostov State Transport University, Interfaith Global University and ARTIFEX University of Romania among other universities and institutions worldwide. Rooted in a commitment to elevate the global scientific dialogue, ASAREV stands out as a hub for collaboration, connecting scholars, and institutions within and beyond the African continent. Our mission is to provide an insightful examination of the latest breakthroughs, innovations, and research findings in Social Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Research Methodologies through a meticulous peer-review process. ASAREV embraces the principles of open access, ensuring that all published content is readily available to the public. This commitment allows for the unrestricted distribution, sharing, and reproduction of valuable scientific knowledge, provided proper attribution is given. With a global reach, ASAREV ensures the widespread dissemination of published content, reaching thousands of libraries worldwide. This strategic approach aims to amplify the impact of the groundbreaking research featured in our journal on an international scale. Authors are the driving force behind ASAREV, and we prioritize their contributions to advancing scientific understanding. Our journal offers comprehensive support and guidance throughout the publication process, working collaboratively with authors to ensure their research meets our rigorous standards. In instances where revisions are needed, we provide the necessary assistance and flexibility. Embark on your academic journey with ASAREV, where we celebrate excellence in Social Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Research Methodologies. Join us in pushing the boundaries of knowledge and contributing to the global scientific conversation. ASAREV invites researchers to submit their work and be part of a collective effort to shape the future of scientific and academic progress. Get ready to showcase your work and make a lasting impact in the scientific community with ASAREV!
Organisational justice on employee performance at Kishapu District Council, Tanzania
Employee performance in Tanzanian public organisations continues to decline when employees perceive unfair resource distribution, decision-making, and treatment. Previous studies have not yet covered all public organisations in Tanzania. This study, therefore, examined the effect of organisational justice on employee performance at the Kishapu District Council. Social Exchange Theory guided the research. The study used a quantitative, cross-sectional survey to collect data from 84 employees. Researchers applied a multivariate linear regression model, simple random sampling, and a structured questionnaire. The results showed that distributive justice has a significant effect on employee performance (). Procedural justice also shows a statistically significant effect on employee performance (. Interactional justice has a highly statistically significant effect on employee performance (). The study concluded that employees' perceptions of organisational justice collectively have a significant effect on their performance at the council. The council should ensure transparent and equitable compensation and fair decision-making. It also needs to promote fair treatment of employees. Policy-wise, the council should include organisational justice in its human resource policies and conduct cost-benefit analyses of fair procedures and treatment during decision-making. The findings imply that organisations should follow good governance principles to increase employees’ dedication and loyalty. This is vital for organisational performance. Based on the findings, performance at the Kishapu District Council can be improved. Policymakers should address equitable resource distribution and transparent compensation. Clear communication of decision-making criteria for promotions, assignments, and disciplinary action is needed. There is a need for training on effective communication and empathetic leadership to promote respect and fairness in the workplace.
Copyright (c) 2026 Benedicto Paul, Oscar W. Tefurukwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Crowdfunding for entrepreneurship development: Mechanisms and success factors
Startups and early-stage ventures continue to face a persistent financing gap that traditional intermediaries are poorly equipped to address. Crowdfunding has emerged as a significant complementary financing channel, yet its role in entrepreneurship development extends well beyond capital provision. This paper undertakes an integrated review of crowdfunding platforms, processes, and success factors across reward-based, donation-based, lending-based, and equity-based models. Drawing on insights from information economics, signalling theory, social capital theory, persuasion research, and platform trust literature, the paper identifies five core mechanisms through which crowdfunding develops entrepreneurship: capital formation, market validation and demand discovery, community building and customer acquisition, signalling and legitimacy construction, and organisational learning. A multi-level evidence synthesis covering founder, project, campaign, platform, and ecosystem determinants reveals that crowdfunding success depends not predominantly on idea quality but on the strategic combination of social capital, credible signalling, momentum creation, and platform governance. Two integrative frameworks are proposed: the Crowdfund Startup Growth Framework (CSGF), which links antecedent conditions to campaign outcomes through multi-level mechanisms; and the Entrepreneurship Crowdfund Development Trajectory Model, which conceptualises crowdfunding as a staged developmental process extending before, during, and after the campaign. Policy implications for regulators, ecosystem builders, and entrepreneurship support organisations are advanced, with particular attention to the conditions that enable crowdfunding to contribute to inclusive entrepreneurship development. The review closes with targeted recommendations for entrepreneurs, platforms, regulators, and ecosystem builders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Windu Matoka, Austin Mwange, Kampamba Clarence Chibesa, Bwalya Katuta, Lwando Kalaba, Kabwalwa Chilyata (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants of resilience-building strategy endorsement in Zambia's tourism industry: Stakeholder evidence and policy implications
The transition from reactive crisis response to proactive resilience-building represents a paradigmatic shift in tourism sector crisis management. This paper investigates stakeholder endorsement of resilience-building strategies in Zambia's tourism industry, examining which strategies attract strongest support, what drives variation in endorsement levels, and how the resulting profile of stakeholder-validated interventions informs evidence-based crisis management model design. The theoretical foundation for this study integrates resilience theory with sustainable tourism development principles to provide a framework for understanding both the nature of tourism resilience and the strategies most likely to build it effectively. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, 137 stakeholders were selected through stratified purposive sampling from five categories — government institutions, private sector tourism operators, community-based organisations (CBOs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and tourists — across Livingstone, Lusaka, South Luangwa National Park, and Kafue National Park. The study finds that the composite resilience-building strategy endorsement mean of 3.97 out of 5.0 (t = 26.85, p < 0.001) is the strongest positive finding across all four constructs measured. Environmental conservation leadership (M = 4.32) and multi-stakeholder collaboration (M = 4.21) attract highest endorsement, followed by gender and youth inclusion (M = 4.08), digital technology integration (M = 3.96), community-based tourism empowerment (M = 3.88), renewable energy investment (M = 3.85), training and capacity development (M = 3.74), and financial resilience mechanisms (M = 3.72). Tourist sustainability preferences confirm strong demand-side alignment, with 84% preferring destinations that support local communities during crisis recovery and 79% preferring destinations with documented environmental protection commitments. The 0.99-point gap between resilience endorsement (M = 3.97) and preparedness reality (M = 2.98) precisely quantifies the implementation deficit that a structured crisis management model must address. The study proposes the Zambia Crisis Management and Resilience Model (Z-CMRM) as a multi-phase framework for converting stakeholder-validated resilience endorsement into operational preparedness capacity. This study concludes that Zambia's tourism stakeholders not only recognise the need for resilience investment but strongly and significantly endorse specific resilience-building strategies that would, if implemented, substantially improve the sector's crisis management capacity. This study recommends that the Ministry of Tourism and Arts should formally adopt environmental conservation leadership and multi-stakeholder collaboration as the two priority pillars of the National Tourism Resilience Strategy, reflecting their highest endorsement levels and their cross-cutting impact on other resilience dimensions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bruce Ernest, Norman Kachamba, Chaste Nsama (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A study of the relationship between digital finance and financial sector growth in Zambia: A case study of Lusaka district, Zambia
Digital finance has emerged as a significant force in the development of financial sectors and economic progress globally. Despite the growing adoption of fintech innovations, mobile money, and online banking services in Zambia, the extent to which digital finance contributes to the efficiency and overall growth of the financial sector remains insufficiently examined. This study investigated the relationship between digital finance and financial sector growth in Lusaka District, with specific focus on mobile money services, digital payment systems, and fintech innovations as they relate to service coverage, economic sustainability, and financial inclusion. The study was guided by the financial intermediation theory, the technology acceptance model, the diffusion of innovation theory, the endogenous growth theory, and the financial inclusion theory, which collectively provided a framework for understanding how technological innovations are adopted and how they influence financial sector development. A mixed-methods cross-sectional research design was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches within a positivist research philosophy. The target population comprised individuals aged 18 years and above residing in Lusaka District who had experience using digital financial services. A sample of 150 respondents was selected using simple random sampling combined with purposive sampling to ensure the inclusion of participants with relevant digital finance experience, with the sample size determined using the Raosoft sample size formula. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered face-to-face by trained enumerators. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation analysis with the aid of Stata and Microsoft Excel, while qualitative responses were examined through thematic analysis. The findings revealed statistically significant positive associations between mobile money services and financial sector growth, digital payment systems and financial sector growth, and fintech innovations, with digital payment systems recording the strongest association. Descriptive findings further indicated that the majority of respondents perceived digital finance as making a substantial contribution to financial sector development, improving access to financial services, and supporting personal and business financial growth. However, the study also identified key barriers limiting the full potential of digital finance, including poor internet connectivity, cybersecurity threats, high transaction fees, low financial and digital literacy and limited interoperability between digital financial platforms. The study recommends expanding digital infrastructure, strengthening regulatory and cybersecurity frameworks, reducing transaction costs, enhancing financial and digital literacy through awareness campaigns, improving the usability of digital financial applications, and fostering fintech innovation. These recommendations are directed at policymakers, financial institutions, and fintech firms seeking to leverage digital finance for inclusive and sustainable financial sector development in Zambia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chisanga Malasa, Lubinda Haabazoka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Institutional frameworks and crisis governance in Zambia's tourism industry: An empirical assessment of policy capacity and structural challenges
Effective tourism crisis management requires robust institutional frameworks capable of coordinating responses across enterprise, sector, national, and international levels. In sub-Saharan Africa, persistent institutional fragmentation, weak policy implementation capacity, and inadequate governance mechanisms have been identified as primary barriers to sectorial crisis preparedness. This study provides a systematic empirical assessment of crisis management institutional frameworks, policy capacity, and governance quality within Zambia's tourism industry. This study draws on three theoretical perspectives that are Governance Theory, Institutional Theory and Principal–Agent Theory. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, data were collected from 137 stakeholders drawn through stratified purposive sampling across government institutions, private sector operators, community organisations, and tourism experts from Livingstone, Lusaka, South Luangwa National Park, and Kafue National Park. Data collection employed structured Likert-scale questionnaires, key informant interviews, and policy document analysis. The study finds that policy and governance scores (M = 2.88, t = −1.84, p = 0.066) fall near the threshold of statistically significant inadequacy, confirming a directional governance deficit. Formal crisis plan existence analysis reveals that only 23% of private sector operators maintain documented crisis management plans, compared to 67% of government institutions — a sectorial asymmetry reflecting differential resource capacity and regulatory exposure. Qualitative findings identify institutional fragmentation (87% of respondents), insufficient policy enforcement (71%), and digital infrastructure deficits (66%) as primary structural governance challenges. The study proposes a multi-level institutional reform agenda centred on the establishment of a dedicated National Tourism Crisis Coordination Centre, mandatory crisis planning requirements with enforcement capacity, and the integration of the tourism sector into Zambia's national disaster risk reduction architecture. This research concludes that rather than confirming in general terms that governance is weak, the precise dimensions of weakness, the mechanisms through which they operate, and the institutional reform levers most likely to be effective in addressing them. It is recommended that the Ministry of Tourism and Arts should establish a dedicated National Tourism Crisis Coordination Centre, with a clear statutory mandate, adequate staffing and budget, and operational authority to coordinate inter-institutional crisis responses across all tourism governance bodies.
Nexus between teacher retention and selected variables in Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools in Kenya
This study examined the relationship between teacher retention and selected institutional factors in Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools in Kenya, including school administration, socio-economic status, motivational strategies, wage administration, and religious commitment. Using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis, the study found that most variables had a significant positive relationship with teachers’ intention to remain in school, except wage administration, which was not statistically significant. Motivational strategies and school administration emerged as the strongest predictors of retention. The findings indicated that teachers’ intention to remain in school had a significant positive relationship with school administration (r = 0.481, p < 0.01), motivational strategies (r = 0.488, p < 0.01), socio-economic status (r = 0.273, p < 0.01), and religious commitment (r = 0.300, p < 0.01), while wage administration showed a weak and non-significant relationship (r = 0.182, p > 0.05). Regression analysis further revealed that motivational strategies and school administration were the strongest predictors of teacher retention. The final regression model showed that motivational strategies (β = 0.333, p < 0.05) and school administration (β = 0.319, p < 0.05) significantly predicted teachers’ intention to remain in school, jointly explaining 30.2% of the variance in teacher retention (Adjusted R² = 0.302, F = 21.960, p < 0.001). The study concludes that both organizational and spiritual factors significantly influence teacher retention in SDA secondary schools. It recommends strengthening motivational systems and administrative support structures while maintaining the faith-based values that enhance teacher commitment and retention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shadrack Kamundi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of stakeholder participation on the performance of strategic plans in Tanzania’s local government authorities
This study examines the influence of stakeholder participation on the performance of strategic plans in Tanzania’s local government authorities (LGAs). Despite the widespread adoption of strategic planning frameworks, many LGAs continue to experience gaps between planning and actual performance, reflected in challenges related to service delivery, resource utilization, goal achievement, and timeliness. Guided by stakeholder theory, this study conceptualizes stakeholder engagement through three dimensions: participation in strategic planning, communication and information sharing, and collaboration and partnerships. This study adopted a quantitative approach, and data were collected from 120 respondents from seven district councils. The targeted population involved key stakeholders involved in strategic plan implementation, including executive directors, heads of departments, planning officers, and monitoring and evaluation officers. The study employed purposive sampling and simple random sampling techniques. Structured questionnaires were used to capture perceptions of stakeholder participation practices and strategic plans. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regressions. Correlation results indicate significant and positive relationships between all dimensions of stakeholder participation and performance outcomes (p < 0.001), with communication and information sharing demonstrating comparatively stronger associations with service delivery and overall performance. Regression analysis further confirms that stakeholder participation is a strong predictor of strategic plan performance, explaining a substantial proportion of the variance in performance outcomes. The study concludes that inclusive and interactive stakeholder participation mechanisms play a central role in enhancing the effectiveness of strategic plans in Tanzania’s LGAs. The findings provide empirical support for stakeholder theory within the local government context and underscore the importance of institutionalizing participatory approaches, transparent communication, and collaborative partnerships. The study contributes to policy and practice by offering evidence-based insights to guide LGAs in strengthening stakeholder participation as a pathway to improved strategic plan implementation and sustainable service delivery. Furthermore, local government authorities should institutionalize stakeholder participation by establishing formal structures such as stakeholder forums, participatory committees, and regular public consultations to ensure continuous engagement throughout all phases of the strategic planning cycle. Additionally, communication and information sharing mechanisms should adopt both digital and traditional platforms, including community meetings, notice boards, and mobile-based communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juma H. Uledi, Dr. Chacha A. Matoka, Venance S. Shilingi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining fishermen’s use of information and communication technologies for information sharing and dissemination at Mindu Dam in Morogoro, Tanzania
This paper aimed to examine the use of digital technology for disseminating information among fishermen around the Mindu Dam in Morogoro, Tanzania. Informed by the Innovation (DOI) Theory and Wilson’s model of information-seeking behavior, the study used a mixed research approach, involving both quantitative and qualitative methods. While simple random sampling techniques were used, the data collection tools used were questionnaires and key informants’ interviews. Data was collected from 82 fishermen who were randomly selected from the fishing community in Mindu Dam. Data analysis used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), while content analysis was used for qualitative data. The study found that the most frequently used ICTs by fish farmers in sharing agricultural information were mobile phones, radio, and television. Furthermore, the study revealed that major challenges facing fish farmers in sharing information include unfavorable radio or television broadcast times, high costs of acquiring and maintaining ICT facilities, lack of ICT training, poor network connectivity, and low literacy levels. The research emphasizes the critical role of mobile phones, internet services, and other digital technologies in improving communication, obtaining market information, and executing financial transactions. The study demonstrates notable enhancements in decision-making and general management efficiency by examining how these communities and managers utilize digital technologies. It also delineates obstacles to successful technology adoption, such as resistance to change and a lack of training, and offers strategies to overcome them, including targeted training programs and community engagement initiatives. The findings highlight the capacity of digital technology to enhance sustainable livelihoods and economic development in the fishing sector, hence, cultivating a more resilient and informed community. While the study indicated that fishermen in the Mindu Dam regularly used mobile phones, radios, and televisions to exchange and disseminate information, fishermen encountered multiple challenges in utilizing ICTs for the sharing and dissemination of fishing information. Therefore, the study recommends that the challenges encountered by fishermen in utilizing ICTs be addressed through the pertinent ministry; via its extension personnel, it should incentivize and conduct regular training sessions for these communities on the use of ICTs (mobile phones, radios, and television) to enhance their proficiency and skills in accessing and disseminating fishing information.
Copyright (c) 2026 Titus Tossy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing candidate quality: E-recruitment in the Tanzania Public Service Recruitment Secretariat
The advent of online recruitment and selection in the Tanzanian public service was a strategy to reduce bureaucratic challenges in the recruitment process. This could create equal access to public service employment opportunities for all people. The extant studies did not specifically explain how the adoption of e-recruitment systems improved the quality of public service recruitment processes in Tanzania. Thus, this study assessed the effectiveness of e-recruitment and selection processes in Tanzania's public sector, with a specific focus on the Public Service Recruitment Secretariat (PSRS) in Dodoma. Sociotechnical Theory (STT) guided this research. A qualitative research approach was employed to gain in-depth insights into the experiences, perceptions, and challenges associated with e-recruitment. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with HR personnel directly involved in recruitment processes, as well as job applicants who had used the PSRS online platform to apply for public sector positions. The findings of this study indicate that e-recruitment has significantly improved recruitment effectiveness by automating various aspects of the hiring process. The system has helped reduce administrative burdens, minimise paperwork, and accelerate candidate shortlisting. The study concludes that while e-recruitment offers substantial advantages in candidate quality, recruitment and selection effectiveness, and transparency in the public sector recruitment process, several structural and technological challenges must be addressed to optimise its effectiveness. Hence, the need to increase investment in digital infrastructure and comprehensive training for both HR personnel and job applicants. This shows the significance of e-recruitment and civil service reforms for quality recruitment and selection in Dodoma, Tanzania, and other regions with similar environments. Conclusively, despite the challenges, e-recruitment at the Public Service Recruitment Secretariat (PSRS) is a valuable tool that plays an important role in improving the quality of human resources in Tanzania's public sector. Tanzania. There is a need to improve e-government infrastructure nationwide, train staff to use e-recruitment systems effectively and efficiently, and fill the e-recruitment gap by having HR personnel assess soft skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oscar Tefurukwa, Eliona Redson (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From oral to animated: Reconstructing African folktale fantasy in the digital age
This study examines how digital technology serves as a medium for reimagining and repackaging African folktales. The analysis focuses on a case study of ten selected episodes from Tinga Tinga Tales, including Why Hyena Has Short Hind Legs, Why Bat Hangs Upside Down, Why Bush Baby Has Big Eyes, Why Leopard Has Spots, Why Tortoise Has a Cracked Shell, Why the Vulture Is Bald, Why Cheetah Has Tears, Why Parrot Can’t Keep a Secret, Why Snake Has No Legs, and Why Bat Hangs Upside Down. The study adopted a qualitative descriptive design, which entailed a critical textual analysis of animated episodes. This involved participatory observation of preschool children’s responses during viewing sessions at Logitech Academy in Kakamega County, Kenya. Data were collected through viewing guides, informal interviews, and observation notes. Guided by semiotics and children’s literature theory, data was analyzed thematically to explore how digital animation enhances fantasy and engagement among children. Findings show that animation transforms African oral narratives into visually immersive experiences that heighten imagination, emotional engagement, and moral understanding. Children responded with belief, curiosity, and empathy, indicating that digital storytelling not only sustains the cultural and didactic functions of folktales but also adapts them to the visual expectations of digital-native audiences. The study concludes that Tinga Tinga Tales exemplifies how African oral traditions can be revitalized through digital media to preserve heritage and foster imaginative learning among children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lencer Achieng Ndede (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transparency and accountability in recruitment and selection in Dodoma City Council, Tanzania: challenges encountered
The adoption of a Human Capital Management Information System (HCMIS) is a strategy to enhance workflow efficiency, accountability, and transparency. However, human resource management (HRM) practices still face challenges in transparency and accountability, which can lead to unethical behaviour. While studies have shed light on HCMIS, a gap persists in understanding how its application in recruitment and selection, as well as training mechanisms, enhances transparency and accountability in Tanzania's public services. Thus, this study intended to examine the challenges of the HCMIS in promoting transparency and accountability in recruitment and selection at Dodoma City Council. It applied socio-technical theory and social capital theory as its theoretical framework. Primary data were gathered through interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 14 respondents, along with a secondary data review. A qualitative research design was employed, drawing on insights from 14 respondents selected for their direct engagement with the health care management information system (HCMIS). In this research, we examined the experiences of 14 individuals who have actively used the HCMIS. To gather rich insights, we conducted in-depth interviews, organised FGDs, and reviewed relevant documents. By analysing the collected data, we aimed to uncover recurring themes and patterns that highlight the challenges people face when using the HCMIS. The findings indicate several barriers to the effective utilisation of HCMIS in promoting transparency and accountability, including inadequate top management support, unreliable internet connectivity, insufficient ICT expertise, limited financial capacity, and limited integration with other stakeholders. Hence, there is a need to raise top management support for HCMIS, strengthen integration with external stakeholders to improve transparency and accountability in the hiring process, invest in IT infrastructure and improve internet connectivity to address technical challenges, enhance staff ICT skills through training and support, and develop a change management strategy to overcome resistance to change. The study contributes to the limited literature on the challenges HCMIS faces in supporting recruitment and selection. It also advances the application of theories (i.e., social-technical theory and social capital theory) to e-government studies. Given the study's findings, policymakers need to place strong emphasis on management support to ensure the successful implementation of the HCMIS. It includes dedicating funds to essential IT infrastructure, ensuring reliable internet access, and providing the necessary hardware and software to enable system interoperability. Additionally, investing in training for ICT staff is crucial to promote transparency and accountability in Tanzania's public services and to foster ethical recruitment practices.
Human Capital Management Information Systems
Transparency and Accountability Challenges
Copyright (c) 2026 Sayyi Yusuph Charles, Oscar W. Tefurukwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Resilience or reinvention? Rethinking Maasai pathways to sustainability in changing climate conditions in Kilosa and Mvomero, Tanzania
Pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa face challenges from climate variability, environmental degradation, and socio-economic changes. The Maasai of Tanzania adapt their traditional lifestyles to modern challenges, yet understanding their resilience is limited by rapid ecological and policy shifts. This study examined diversification, indigenous knowledge, community involvement, and government policies in supporting sustainable livelihoods. Using the Portfolio Theory of Risk and Resilience Theory, a mixed-methods approach combined quantitative analysis via PLS-SEM with qualitative data from interviews and focus groups. The target population comprised 386 individuals from 13 Maasai villages across Kilosa and Mvomero. Yamane’s formula was used to get a sample size of 130 respondents. Results showed 82% of respondents engaged in income activities beyond pastoralism, and 99% valued indigenous knowledge for adaptation. Community participation was the strongest factor influencing sustainability (β = 0.635, p < 0.05), mediating the effects of diversification and indigenous knowledge. Government support was positive but limited due to low awareness and inconsistent application. Qualitative data reinforced these findings, highlighting the community's desire to blend tradition with innovation amid challenges such as limited access to credit, training, and inclusive decision-making processes. The study concludes that Maasai resilience is rooted in cultural traditions, social cohesion, and local institutions. It recommends inclusive diversification, protection of Indigenous knowledge, stronger community governance, and clearer policy communication to support sustainable pastoralist livelihoods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Venance Shillingi, Bethsheba Sakinoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Managing performance limitations in Tanzanian open schools: An eye on Lipsky’s crow’s nest
Open schools in Tanzania are crucial for providing secondary education to adults and teenagers who are not enrolled in formal education but still face academic challenges. Prior research has mostly focused on individual (micro) teacher-client interactions, with little attention paid to organisational (meso) and national (macro) level factors. By combining micro-, meso-, and macro-level perspectives anchored on Lipsky's crow's nest, this study investigates how street-level bureaucrats address the performance constraints of open schools. As part of a qualitative case study approach, interviews were used to document experiences from selected cases. The findings indicate that inadequacy at various levels produces performance disincentives. To deal with the latter, street-level bureaucrats employ resource improvisation, peer-to-peer learning, flexible scheduling, ad hoc machinery, and informal coping mechanisms to sustain learning engagement. Although these changes support continuity in education, at some point, they compromise policy uniformity. Therefore, improving open school outcomes requires increasing the availability of resources, strengthening teacher capacity, and integrating adaptive practices into official policy.
Open Schools, Lipsky's theory, and Street-level bureaucrats, Tanzania
Copyright (c) 2025 Denis Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Does having prior research experience influence postgraduate students’ research competency?
Mastering research courses at the postgraduate level is challenging, as students consider them complex and stressful. Anecdotal evidence reveals that most postgraduate students are expressing frustration about their difficulties in mastering the research course at the postgraduate level. Although some postgraduate students have prior research experience, it's been difficult to distinguish them from those without experience. Using Experiential Learning Theory, this study aimed to investigate whether prior research experience influences research competency at the postgraduate level. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 85 postgraduate students at Mzumbe University, Tanzania. The sample was drawn using a stratified sampling technique from a population of 150 students, with schools, campuses, and faculties serving as strata. Descriptive and regression analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20 software. The results indicate that having prior research experience and conducting research at the undergraduate level significantly influenced research competency at the postgraduate level at P = 0.01 and P = 0.011, respectively. Nonetheless, undertaking a research course at the undergraduate level was determined to be statistically insignificant in improving graduate research competencies. The study concluded that enhancing research competencies and learning structure requires integration of both the theoretical and practical components of teaching methodologies. This calls for higher learning institutions to review their undergraduate curricula to reflect the learning needs of their students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cliford J. Ringo, Shauri O. Kinunda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of stingless bee products from the East African Region
Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, including East Africa, where they produce honey, propolis, and pollen that have long been valued for their medicinal and nutritional properties. Specifically, the honey is recognized for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects due to its rich content of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids. In East African countries, there has been an increasing interest in the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical composition of stingless bee products to validate their traditional uses and explore their therapeutic potential. This narrative review highlights the findings of these studies, which have mainly focused on the honey of Meliponula, Plebeina, Hypotrigona, and Dactylurina species. The honey of these species has particularly been reported to be active against several common bacterial pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi. Moreover, reports also indicate that honey and propolis of some East African stingless bees are active against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Reports on phytochemical analyses indicate that depending on the region, stingless bee honey from the East African region contains diverse phytochemical contents, including flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. These findings suggest that stingless bee honey possesses significant potential as a natural source of antimicrobial agents and functional food. However, variations in phytochemical composition influenced by species diversity and environmental conditions indicate the need for further research. Future studies should prioritize standardization, detailed phytochemical profiling, and clinical validation, alongside sustainable meliponiculture development. Unlike the honey, however, there are limited studies on the other nest products (pollen, cerumen, and propolis). This calls for more research, particularly on propolis and pollen, which are known to have antimicrobial properties. There is also a need for isolation of pure antimicrobial compounds from the nest’s products and subsequent mechanistic studies. Future studies should also expand the antimicrobial studies to include viruses, fungi, and protozoans.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christine Chepkemoi, Sabella J. Kiprono, Sammy Kimoloi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analyzing Dunford Property for Operators Satisfying Sr2 TqSr2 = S2r
In this study, we introduce a new class of operators defined by the properties S^(r/2) T^q S^(r/2) = S^(2r) and T^(r/2) S^q T^(r/2) = T^(2r) for integers r > q ≥ 0. The main objective is to investigate the Dunford property, commonly referred to as property (C), for the operators S^(r/2) T^q and T^q S^(r/2) under the condition that S^(2r) ∈ B(X). This research expands the framework of operator theory by introducing new operator classes through operator identities and extending existing ones. The motivation stems from the central role of operator equations in functional analysis and operator theory, where many fundamental problems in mathematics and physics can be reformulated as operator equations, yet certain classes remain insufficiently explored. The methodology involves an iterative analysis of local spectral subspaces and their interactions under the given operator identities. The results demonstrate that the introduced classes of operators satisfy the single-valued extension property (SVEP) and possess property (Q). Moreover, it is established that if S^(3r/2) has property (C), then both S^(r/2) T^q and T^q S^(r/2) inherit this property. These findings enrich the theory with broader generalizations and open avenues for further exploration of spectral properties and applications in mathematical and scientific contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Victor Wanjala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining the role of organisational structure and transparency in enhancing stakeholder engagement in SMEs: An emerging-economy perspective
This study sought to examine the effects of organisational structure (OS) and organisational transparency (OT) on stakeholder engagement (SE) in Ghanaian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It adopts a quantitative study approach underpinned by organisational design theory and the stakeholder theory paradigm. Also, the study used a cross-sectional design to collect primary data from the respondents, which were later analysed using PLS-SEM. A total of 488 SMEs made up the targeted population. Using convenience sampling, a total of 463 SMEs were sampled, representing 92.6% of the population. Additionally, the data collection was done by means of a structured questionnaire distributed both in hard copy and soft copy to the selected respondents. Thirty-eight (38) of the questionnaires were either rejected because of incomplete data or non-response; hence, valid responses became 425. The findings show that the organisational structure and transparency components have a positive significant effect on stakeholder engagement. Also, transparency is found to moderate the effect of structure on engagement such that the relationship becomes stronger at high levels of transparency. Internal system alignment with transparent communication support leads to building better and more profound levels of trust among stakeholders. The results provide direct implications for SME leaders, policymakers, and development agencies who would want to enhance governance processes, stakeholder relations, and sustainable business practice in emerging markets such as Ghana. The study recommends that since the design is cross-sectional in nature, no inference of causality can be drawn. A longitudinal or experimental design in a future study to reform structure and transparency and test its effect on engagement over time would go a long way toward redressing this weakness. Also, the study is specific to Ghanaian SMEs; therefore, conducting a similar comparative study between other Sub-Saharan African economies will bring regional perspectives into sharper focus and also validate the degree to which results may be generalised. Additionally, future research may look at how technological tools, for instance, enterprise resource planning systems and digital dashboards, promote organisational transparency and stakeholder responsiveness while increasing SME digitisation in Africa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Godfrey Adda, Esther Asiedu, Mustapha Torobo Seidu, Michael Yipake Banseh, Baba Blonch Adombilla, John Bosco Azigwe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Institutional structures and fair power supply: Consequences for underserved populations in Ilkiding'a Ward, Arusha Region, Tanzania
This study investigated the influence of computer programs on the learning outcomes of learners with disabilities in public comprehensive schools in Saboti Sub-County, Kenya. The study was guided by the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, which focuses on providing multiple ways for learners to engage, access information, and demonstrate understanding to accommodate diverse needs. A descriptive research design was employed to conduct the study. The study examined 1,509 respondents from 13 public comprehensive schools in Saboti Sub-County. Using the Krejcie and Morgan Table, it was determined that a sample of 310 participants would be sufficient. From this sample, 297 learners with disabilities were selected using stratified random sampling, and 13 heads of institutions were included purposely. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires given to the learners with disabilities, and interviews were conducted with the heads of institutions. For the quantitative responses, descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used, while the qualitative responses were examined to identify common themes. The results showed that learners with disabilities gained benefits from computer programs such as Access to Math, Live Scribe, and Big Calc. Many learners with disabilities reported that these tools helped them understand the material better, and there was a visible connection between using the programs and improved academic results. The study concludes that computer programs can support learning effectively, but teachers need adequate training, and schools should improve ICT facilities to maximize these resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumayyah Rashid Hussein, Dr. D.Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Critical Reflection on Ideas of African Ecology, Religious and Cultural Ideologies in Ben Okri’s Novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah
This paper discusses the intricate portrayal of African ecology, religious and cultural ideologies in Ben Okri’s novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah (2021), as a major contribution to the ongoing conversation on ecology, religion and culture. Drawing on Morton’s (2007) Eco Criticism Theory, the paper offers a comprehensive exploration of how Okri’s novel serves as a literary conduit for narrating the relationship between African ecology, religious and cultural framework. The study adopted a qualitative research approach where a purposively sampled novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah was critically analysed. By closely analysing the narrative, the paper makes two major contributions. First, it argues that ecology and ecological crisis is a major preoccupation of the contemporary African novel, hence focusing primarily on the eco-criticism of the genre in line with the issues relevant to African studies. Secondly, it centers religion as a resource for cultural ideological conflicts, which have had an impact on cultural identity. This, in turn, addresses the problematic religious and cultural ideological differences and acknowledges the most contemporary ecological and cultural sensibilities in order to pave way for a way forward. Significantly, the findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of the nuanced interplay between Literature, ecology, religion and culture in African contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lydia Vidembu Madete, Tobias Omondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of risk reduction on the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County, Kenya
The implementation of Kenya Rural Roads Authority [KeRRA] road construction projects in Migori County faces significant risks, often leading to poor quality, cost overruns, and delays due to inadequate risk management. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of risk reduction on the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County; implementation was measured as a function of project completion within set timelines, meeting quality requirements, and being within a given budget. Guided by risk management theory, project implementation theory, and stakeholder theory, the study adopted a pragmatic research philosophy, which integrates analytic frameworks of descriptive and inferential statistics. The target population was 419 respondents, with a sample of 234; this included 39 contractors, 193 Constituency Roads Committee (CRC) members, and 2 KeRRA engineers, selected by random and purposive sampling, respectively. Data was collected with the help of a questionnaire for contractors and CRC members and a research schedule for key informant interviews with engineers. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS. The study utilized the t-statistic to test the null hypotheses. Validity and reliability of research instruments were ensured through a pilot survey and expert evaluation. The descriptive analytic framework reveals that project implementation in Migori County is below average (M=2.46, SD=1.48). The results also show that Migori County’s road construction involves moderate application of risk reduction strategy (M=3.09, SD=1.20). Linear regression analysis produced results that show that risk reduction (|t| = 2.856) is a significant determinant of the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County. In conclusion, the study revealed that implementation of the KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County is below average; it recommends formalizing a risk reduction strategy and integrating it into policy and regulation to ensure consistent application in the road projects in Migori County.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lennard William Bundeh, Janet Auma Wagude (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Academic performance of university students: Is off-campus accommodation a predicament or help?
Grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (EST), this study examined how off-campus housing affects university students' academic performance in Tanzania, both positively and negatively. The EST framework structured the analysis of interactions among housing conditions, institutional policies, social networks, and broader socioeconomic influences on student outcomes. Using a mixed-methods cross-sectional design, data were collected from 104 participants, including students, faculty, staff, and housing owners from three universities in the Morogoro Region. Participants were selected through stratified and purposive sampling, and data analysis involved logistic regression and thematic analysis. The outcome was that students living near the campus performed significantly better (p = 0.014), mainly due to better time management skills and access to academic resources. Cleanliness (p = 0.000), group satisfaction (p = 0.023), and the facilities provided (p = 0.003) also served as strong predictors of satisfactory academic performance. Higher income levels (p = 0.038) were also associated with better academic results, whereas higher rent costs (p = 0.021) negatively affected performance. Qualitative data supported these findings by emphasizing the importance of a stable peer environment, peer networks, and active family involvement. The study concludes that off-campus living can align with academic success if the housing is affordable, conveniently located, and conducive to studying. It suggests policy changes at institutions to enhance the quality of off-campus housing, implement rent caps, and bolster student support systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Venance Shillingi, Denis Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Contribution of microfinance loans to women entrepreneurs in Tanzania: Reflections from the case of the National Microfinance Bank (NMB) in Arusha City
This research looked at the contribution of National Microfinance Bank (NMB) loans to women entrepreneurs in Arusha City, Tanzania. The need for this present study stems from ongoing discussions in the literature regarding microfinance’s function in bettering the livelihoods of the poor. This is more so in emerging economies, e.g., the Philippines, India, Indonesia, and several countries in Africa, where evidence has remained vague. Notwithstanding the fact that microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania have undergone accelerated growth, the vast majority of small-scale businesses struggle to remain afloat. It has been noted that most businesses stagnate or, worse, fail within the first five years of operation. As such, this issue underscores the value of critically evaluating whether microfinance interventions, especially those focusing on women entrepreneurs, are attaining their intended objectives, namely poverty reduction and economic empowerment. This study was guided by the following specific objectives: (i) to document and analyze benefits of NMB’s loan to women entrepreneurs, (ii) to examine the use of loans by women entrepreneurs, and (iii) to identify factors affecting loan performance in women enterprises and NMB. This research was anchored on the empowerment theory. This study utilized a case study research design. The targeted population encompassed women entrepreneurs and NMB staff in Arusha City. A sample size of 138 responders was purposively and randomly chosen. Data was obtained through structured questionnaires and interviews and later analyzed thematically and statistically in order to address the study objectives. The key findings indicated that NMB loans contributed positively to women entrepreneurs. This was through boosting incomes, bettering asset ownership, and raising their social standards. Accessing loans allowed women beneficiaries to finance basic needs like food, education, shelter, and health care. In addition, it assisted in diversifying their business portfolios. Nonetheless, challenges were encountered.They comprised diversion of loans, deceit, and late repayment. These curtailed the sustainability of the program. In the same vein, the minimum loan amounts availed proved to be meager to generate substantial profits. As a result, it limited entrepreneurs' capacity to expand their businesses. This study's outcomes concluded that despite the fact that NMB loans have the ability to lift the well-being of women entrepreneurs, their impact on poverty eradication remains limited without complementary measures. This research recommended that NMB ought to empower borrowers by means of training them in business management and operational skills. It also suggested that loan amounts should be increased so as to enhance business growth and sustainability. These kinds of interventions will be beneficial to the institution through better repayment rates. To the beneficiaries, there will be increased profitability and long-term business success.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Netho Ndilito (PhD) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Short run forecasting of petroleum prices in Tanzania using ARIMA and exponential smoothing: A comparative analysis
Tanzania's economy remains highly dependent on imported petroleum, with petrol price fluctuations significantly impacting inflation, transportation costs, and household welfare. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of ARIMA and Exponential Smoothing methods for short-run forecasting of petrol prices in Tanzania to identify the most accurate model for predicting future petroleum price trends. Using monthly petrol price data from 2005 to 2024 obtained from the Bank of Tanzania (BOT), we applied the Box-Jenkins methodology to compare the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Exponential Smoothing models. The ARIMA (1,1,4) with drift model was identified as optimal based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and maximum log-likelihood criteria. This model achieved superior forecasting accuracy with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 2.44%, compared to 2.58% for Exponential Smoothing. The model forecasts a steady monthly increase of 0.3-0.5% in petrol prices, projecting prices to reach 3,500.65 TZS/L by September 2026. While the model demonstrates strong predictive performance (Ljung-Box p-value = 0.265), its limitations in anticipating sudden price shocks highlight the need for complementary risk management strategies. These findings provide policymakers and market participants with a reliable tool for budget planning and economic forecasting. The study underscores Tanzania's vulnerability to global oil market volatility and emphasizes the importance of developing strategic fuel reserves and alternative energy sources to enhance energy security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bahati Ilembo, Sharifu Nurdin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Obtaining the compressibility factor via intermolecular potentials without assuming pairwise additivity (The three dimensional Case)
The focus here is to obtain the Compressibility Factor (CF) for pure fluids from a Configurational Integral (CI). In this direction, we came up with a formula from the (CI) which consistently gives the compressibility factor for a given intermolecular potential. From this formula we obtain the Compressibility Factor (CF) for a number of existing intermolecular potentials. The results here are compared with the Carnahan Sterling Equation of state (EOS) since it is one of the accepted EOS. There is a strong positive correlation between the results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alpha Ibrahim Turay, Evelyn Owen Carew, Mohamed Abdulai Koroma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
On the exponential and approximate point spectrum of a bounded linear operator in Banach spaces
This paper investigates the exponential and approximate point spectrum of a bounded linear operator in Banach spaces. We define the operator exp(T) for a bounded linear operator T in a Banach space X and determine if exp(T) is invertible. We show that if S is a bounded linear operator in X and S commutes with T then exp(S + T) equals exp(T).exp(S). If H is a Hilbert space and T is a bounded linear operator in H which is normal such that T commutes with a bounded linear operator S in H, then S commutes with the adjoint of T. The converse of this statement holds. For a bounded linear operator A in H, the boundary of the spectrum of A is contained in subset of the approximate point spectrum of A. Also, if A and B are bounded linear operators in H which are similar, then A and B have the same spectrum, point spectrum, approximate point spectrum and compression spectrum. Using the Spectral Mapping Theorem, we have shown that the exponential and approximate point spectrum are independent of the Banach space.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maureen Kipruto, Achiles Nyongesa Simiyu, Aldrin Wanambisi Wekesa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antioxidant Properties of Fagaropsis hildebrandtii and Fagaropsis angolensis Extracts
Fagaropsis hildebrandtii and Fagaropsis angolensis are widely used across East, Central, and Southern parts of Africa as traditional remedies for the management of various disorders associated with inflammation, pain, and oxidative stress. However, it remains unclear whether F. hildebrandtii and F. angolensis plant parts have equivalent efficacy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of the two medicinal plants. This was an experimental controlled research design. The study area was Embu and Makueni Counties. Methanol and water extracts of powdered F. hildebrandtii stem bark and F. angolensis leaves were prepared by maceration. Different extract concentrations were then tested for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activity using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, acetic acid-induced writhing model, and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed that F. hildebrandtii stem bark extract had higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to F. angolensis leaves (P < 0.05). However, F. angolensis leaves exhibited significantly greater analgesic activity than F. hildebrandtii stem bark extracts (P < 0.05). Comparison of antioxidant activities of the extracts did not show any significant differences (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the findings indicate variation in analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, but not in the antioxidant properties of F. hildebrandtii and F. angolensis. The study recommends plant preservation, active pharmaceutical ingredient identification, testing in non-human primates, and in clinical trials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Maloba, Sammy Kimoloi, Jared Onyancha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Changing Landscape Due to Technological Advancement and Its Influence on the Maasai Image in Ole Kulet’s the Hunter, the Varnishing Herds and the Elephant Dance
This paper examines the implications of modern technology on Maasai culture as depicted by Ole Kulet in his novels The Hunter, The Vanishing Herds, and The Elephant Dance. The study employs textual analysis within the framework of descriptive qualitative research. Through critical reading of the primary texts, complemented by secondary materials such as scholarly articles, journals, and magazines, the research explores how various characters manipulate technological resources to adapt to the dynamics of modern society. The findings reveal that Ole Kulet not only narrates the deep relationships between landscape and humanity but also highlights the impact of technology in creating unfamiliar spaces within African contexts. These new spaces, introduced by cultures that perceive landscapes differently, disrupt traditional relationships and values. The study thus portrays how technological advancement in Africa has transformed landscapes, leading to significant repercussions on African cultures and identities.
A Characterization of Classes of Linear Ternary Codes over the GaloisField GF(3)
Linear cyclic ternary codes defined over the Galois field GF(3) exhibit several advantages over their binary counterparts. For instance, they provide an extra option for each pulse resulting into a larger set of available codes at any given length. This paper presents a comprehensive study of classes of linear cyclic ternary codes of length 25 ≤ n ≤ 50. While binary codes have been extensively studied, the properties and applications of longer ternary codes remain less explored. This study address this gap by providing an in-depth characterization of these codes for the stated lengths. Using computational methods implemented in Magma software, a diverse set of linear cyclic ternary codes over GF(3) were generated and analyzed. The paper provides a multifaceted characterization framework that integrates algebraic, combinatorial, and geometric perspectives, offering a holistic understanding of these codes. This study contributes to the theoretical advancement of non-binary codes and their practical applications in error correction, cryptography, and communication systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mary Immaculate Okombo, Michael Onyango Ojiema, Benard Kivunge, Vincent Marani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimal control harvesting in a deterministic predator-prey model for a three-patch ecosystem
Predator-prey interactions play a pivotal role in shaping ecosystem dynamics, with significant implications for sustainable resource management. While much of the existing literature has focused on deterministic harvesting models in single or two-patch ecosystems, there remains a gap in exploring optimal harvesting strategies within spatially distributed multi-patch systems. This study develops a deterministic predator-prey model across three interconnected patches, representing cage-based aquaculture zones within a lake. The model incorporates prey migration between patches and harvesting applied to the prey population only. We formulate an optimal control problem aimed at maximizing the net economic return from harvesting while ensuring ecological sustainability. Using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, we derive necessary conditions for optimality and construct a time-dependent control strategy. Numerical simulations, with the help of Python software, reveal that fixed-rate harvesting lead to population decline or instability, while the optimal control strategy stabilizes both predator and prey populations within sustainable bounds. These findings provide valuable insights for fisheries management, aquaculture policy, and the design of ecologically sound harvesting strategies in multi-zone environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucian Talu Mayabi, David Angwenyi, Duncan Oganga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating Computational Generalization of Mixed Polynomial Exponential on Diophantine Equations: αn + βn + α(αsψβs)m + D = r(uk + vk + wk) with consecutive α and β
Let a, α, β, r, u, v, w, and D be integers, and let n, m, s, and k be non-negative exponents. This paper investigates the Diophantine equation αⁿ + βⁿ + a(αˢ + βˢ)ᵐ + D = r(uᵏ + vᵏ + wᵏ) for integer solutions and explores associated polynomial identities. Additionally, several conjectures are formulated in relation to this equation, aiming to extend the understanding of its integer solutions and structural properties. The focus is on finding integer solutions and examining the underlying polynomial identities. The structure of this equation—combining additive powers, multiplicative transformations, and polynomial expressions in multiple integer variables—presents unique challenges and opportunities in the search for integer solutions. By exploring cases for specific values of n, m, s, and k, we develop insights into solution sets, identify relationships among terms, and analyze the symmetry properties inherent in this equation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abraham Osogo Nyakebogo, Boaz Simatwo Kimtai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0