African Scientific Annual Review
type: channel
description: Welcome to the African Scientific Annual Review (ASAREV), a dynamic journal dedicated to exploring the frontiers of knowledge in Social Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Research Methodologies. The journal is in academic and research cooperation with the Rostov State Transport University, Interfaith Global University and ARTIFEX University of Romania among other universities and institutions worldwide. Rooted in a commitment to elevate the global scientific dialogue, ASAREV stands out as a hub for collaboration, connecting scholars, and institutions within and beyond the African continent. Our mission is to provide an insightful examination of the latest breakthroughs, innovations, and research findings in Social Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Research Methodologies through a meticulous peer-review process. ASAREV embraces the principles of open access, ensuring that all published content is readily available to the public. This commitment allows for the unrestricted distribution, sharing, and reproduction of valuable scientific knowledge, provided proper attribution is given. With a global reach, ASAREV ensures the widespread dissemination of published content, reaching thousands of libraries worldwide. This strategic approach aims to amplify the impact of the groundbreaking research featured in our journal on an international scale. Authors are the driving force behind ASAREV, and we prioritize their contributions to advancing scientific understanding. Our journal offers comprehensive support and guidance throughout the publication process, working collaboratively with authors to ensure their research meets our rigorous standards. In instances where revisions are needed, we provide the necessary assistance and flexibility. Embark on your academic journey with ASAREV, where we celebrate excellence in Social Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Research Methodologies. Join us in pushing the boundaries of knowledge and contributing to the global scientifi…
publisher: AJER Publishing
language: en
publication name: African Scientific Annual Review
issn: 3007-0902
items: Resilience or reinvention? Rethinking Maasai pathways to sustainability in changing climate conditions in Kilosa and Mvomero districts of Tanzania’s Morogoro region
items: Does having prior research experience influence postgraduate students’ research competency?
items: Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of stingless bee products from the East African Region
items: Examining the role of organisational structure and transparency in enhancing stakeholder engagement in SMEs: An emerging-economy perspective
items: Institutional structures and fair power supply: Consequences for underserved populations in Ilkiding'a Ward, Arusha Region, Tanzania
items: Analyzing Dunford Property for Operators Satisfying Sr2 TqSr2 = S2r
items: A Critical Reflection on Ideas of African Ecology, Religious and Cultural Ideologies in Ben Okri’s Novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah
items: Managing performance limitations in Tanzanian open schools: An eye on Lipsky’s crow’s nest
items: Academic performance of university students: Is off-campus accommodation a predicament or help?
items: Influence of risk reduction on the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County, Kenya
items: Contribution of microfinance loans to women entrepreneurs in Tanzania: Reflections from the case of the National Microfinance Bank (NMB) in Arusha City
items: Short run forecasting of petroleum prices in Tanzania using ARIMA and exponential smoothing: A comparative analysis
items: On the exponential and approximate point spectrum of a bounded linear operator in Banach spaces
items: Comparative Analysis of Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antioxidant Properties of Fagaropsis hildebrandtii and Fagaropsis angolensis Extracts
items: The Changing Landscape Due to Technological Advancement and Its Influence on the Maasai Image in Ole Kulet’s the Hunter, the Varnishing Herds and the Elephant Dance
items: A Characterization of Classes of Linear Ternary Codes over the GaloisField GF(3)
items: Optimal control harvesting in a deterministic predator-prey model for a three-patch ecosystem
items: Investigating Computational Generalization of Mixed Polynomial Exponential on Diophantine Equations: αn + βn + α(αsψβs)m + D = r(uk + vk + wk) with consecutive α and β
items: Robot Manipulator Programming Via Demonstrative-Kinesthetic Teaching for Efficient Industrial Material Handling Applications
items: Trade Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers in Tanzania: A Case of the Dar es Salaam-Namanga Busy Border Trade Post
items: Unpacking the Lean Manufacturing Implementation in Small and Medium Food and Beverage Industries in Tanzania: A Factor Analysis Approach
items: Mathematical Modeling of Cholera Mitigation Incorporating Handwashing
items: https://asarev.net/ojs/index.php/asarev/article/view/9
items: Forecasting Inflation in Kenya Using ARIMA Model
items: Predicting Rainfall Pattern in Kakamega County using Time Series
items: Numerical Solutions of Potential Flow Equations using Finite Differences
items: Analyzing the Relationship between Government Revenue and Economic Growth in Kenya from 2012-2022 using Multiple Linear Regression
items: Regression Analysis of the Effects of Debt on Economic Performance in Kenya
items: Forecasting Financial Crisis using Topological Data Analysis Approach
items: On Some Aspects of Compactness in Metric Spaces

Resilience or reinvention? Rethinking Maasai pathways to sustainability in changing climate conditions in Kilosa and Mvomero districts of Tanzania’s Morogoro region
type: item
description: Pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa face challenges from climate variability, environmental degradation, and socio-economic changes. The Maasai of Tanzania adapt their traditional lifestyles to modern challenges, yet understanding their resilience is limited by rapid ecological and policy shifts. This study examined diversification, indigenous knowledge, community involvement, and government policies in supporting sustainable livelihoods. Using the Portfolio Theory of Risk and Resilience Theory, a mixed-methods approach combined quantitative analysis via PLS-SEM with qualitative data from interviews and focus groups. The target population comprised 386 individuals from 13 Maasai villages across Kilosa and Mvomero. Yamane’s formula was used to get a sample size of 130 respondents. Results showed 82% of respondents engaged in income activities beyond pastoralism, and 99% valued indigenous knowledge for adaptation. Community participation was the strongest factor influencing sustainability (β = 0.635, p < 0.05), mediating the effects of diversification and indigenous knowledge. Government support was positive but limited due to low awareness and inconsistent application. Qualitative data reinforced these findings, highlighting the community's desire to blend tradition with innovation amid challenges such as limited access to credit, training, and inclusive decision-making processes. The study concludes that Maasai resilience is rooted in cultural traditions, social cohesion, and local institutions. It recommends inclusive diversification, protection of Indigenous knowledge, stronger community governance, and clearer policy communication to support sustainable pastoralist livelihoods.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate Change
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: Diversification
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Pastoralism
  topic: keywords
subject: Resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Change and Adaptation
  topic: disciplines
subject: Climate Change
  topic: disciplines
creator: Venance Shillingi
creator: Bethsheba Sakinoi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Venance Shillingi, Bethsheba Sakinoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
starting page: 229
ending page: 239
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.17

Does having prior research experience influence postgraduate students’ research competency?
type: item
description: Mastering research courses at the postgraduate level is challenging, as students consider them complex and stressful. Anecdotal evidence reveals that most postgraduate students are expressing frustration about their difficulties in mastering the research course at the postgraduate level. Although some postgraduate students have prior research experience, it's been difficult to distinguish them from those without experience. Using Experiential Learning Theory, this study aimed to investigate whether prior research experience influences research competency at the postgraduate level. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 85 postgraduate students at Mzumbe University, Tanzania. The sample was drawn using a stratified sampling technique from a population of 150 students, with schools, campuses, and faculties serving as strata. Descriptive and regression analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20 software. The results indicate that having prior research experience and conducting research at the undergraduate level significantly influenced research competency at the postgraduate level at P = 0.01 and P = 0.011, respectively. Nonetheless, undertaking a research course at the undergraduate level was determined to be statistically insignificant in improving graduate research competencies. The study concluded that enhancing research competencies and learning structure requires integration of both the theoretical and practical components of teaching methodologies. This calls for higher learning institutions to review their undergraduate curricula to reflect the learning needs of their students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Experimental Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Learning Institutions
  topic: keywords
subject: Postgraduate Research
  topic: keywords
subject: Research Competency
  topic: keywords
subject: Research Methods
  topic: disciplines
creator: Cliford J. Ringo
creator: Shauri O. Kinunda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Cliford J. Ringo, Shauri O. Kinunda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 202
ending page: 213
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.15

Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of stingless bee products from the East African Region
type: item
description: Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, including East Africa, where they produce honey, propolis, and pollen that have long been valued for their medicinal and nutritional properties. Specifically, the honey is recognized for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects due to its rich content of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids. In East African countries, there has been an increasing interest in the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical composition of stingless bee products to validate their traditional uses and explore their therapeutic potential. This narrative review highlights the findings of these studies, which have mainly focused on the honey of Meliponula, Plebeina, Hypotrigona, and Dactylurina species. The honey of these species has particularly been reported to be active against several common bacterial pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi. Moreover, reports also indicate that honey and propolis of some East African stingless bees are active against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Reports on phytochemical analyses indicate that depending on the region, stingless bee honey from the East African region contains diverse phytochemical contents, including flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. These findings suggest that stingless bee honey possesses significant potential as a natural source of antimicrobial agents and functional food. However, variations in phytochemical composition influenced by species diversity and environmental conditions indicate the need for further research. Future studies should prioritize standardization, detailed phytochemical p…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cerumen
  topic: keywords
subject: East Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnomedicinal Uses
  topic: keywords
subject: Hone
  topic: keywords
subject: Propolis
  topic: keywords
subject: Stingless Bees
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Natural Products Research
  topic: disciplines
creator: Christine Chepkemoi
creator: Sabella J. Kiprono
creator: Sammy Kimoloi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Christine Chepkemoi, Sabella J. Kiprono, Sammy Kimoloi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
starting page: 192
ending page: 201
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.14

Examining the role of organisational structure and transparency in enhancing stakeholder engagement in SMEs: An emerging-economy perspective
type: item
description: This study sought to examine the effects of organisational structure (OS) and organisational transparency (OT) on stakeholder engagement (SE) in Ghanaian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It adopts a quantitative study approach underpinned by organisational design theory and the stakeholder theory paradigm. Also, the study used a cross-sectional design to collect primary data from the respondents, which were later analysed using PLS-SEM. A total of 488 SMEs made up the targeted population. Using convenience sampling, a total of 463 SMEs were sampled, representing 92.6% of the population. Additionally, the data collection was done by means of a structured questionnaire distributed both in hard copy and soft copy to the selected respondents. Thirty-eight (38) of the questionnaires were either rejected because of incomplete data or non-response; hence, valid responses became 425. The findings show that the organisational structure and transparency components have a positive significant effect on stakeholder engagement. Also, transparency is found to moderate the effect of structure on engagement such that the relationship becomes stronger at high levels of transparency. Internal system alignment with transparent communication support leads to building better and more profound levels of trust among stakeholders. The results provide direct implications for SME leaders, policymakers, and development agencies who would want to enhance governance processes, stakeholder relations, and sustainable business practice in emerging markets such as Ghana. The study recommends that since the design is cross-sectional in nature, no inference of causality can be drawn. A longitudinal or experimental design in a future study to reform structure and transparency and test its effect on engagement over time would go a long way toward redressing this weakness. Also, the study is specific to Ghanaian SMEs; therefore, conducting a similar comparative study between other Sub-Saharan …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ghana
  topic: keywords
subject: Organisational Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Stakeholder Engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: SMEs
  topic: keywords
subject: Transparency
  topic: keywords
subject: Management
  topic: disciplines
subject: Governance
  topic: disciplines
creator: Godfrey Adda
creator: Esther Asiedu
creator: Mustapha Torobo Seidu
creator: Michael Yipake Banseh
creator: Baba Blonch Adombilla
creator: John Bosco Azigwe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Godfrey Adda, Esther Asiedu, Mustapha Torobo Seidu, Michael Yipake Banseh, Baba Blonch Adombilla, John Bosco Azigwe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-22
publication date: 2025-11-22
starting page: 181
ending page: 191
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.13

Institutional structures and fair power supply: Consequences for underserved populations in Ilkiding'a Ward, Arusha Region, Tanzania
type: item
description: This study investigated the influence of computer programs on the learning outcomes of learners with disabilities in public comprehensive schools in Saboti Sub-County, Kenya. The study was guided by the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, which focuses on providing multiple ways for learners to engage, access information, and demonstrate understanding to accommodate diverse needs. A descriptive research design was employed to conduct the study. The study examined 1,509 respondents from 13 public comprehensive schools in Saboti Sub-County. Using the Krejcie and Morgan Table, it was determined that a sample of 310 participants would be sufficient. From this sample, 297 learners with disabilities were selected using stratified random sampling, and 13 heads of institutions were included purposely. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires given to the learners with disabilities, and interviews were conducted with the heads of institutions. For the quantitative responses, descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used, while the qualitative responses were examined to identify common themes. The results showed that learners with disabilities gained benefits from computer programs such as Access to Math, Live Scribe, and Big Calc. Many learners with disabilities reported that these tools helped them understand the material better, and there was a visible connection between using the programs and improved academic results. The study concludes that computer programs can support learning effectively, but teachers need adequate training, and schools should improve ICT facilities to maximize these resources.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Equitable and Fair Power Supply
  topic: keywords
subject: Ilkiding'a Ward
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Structures
  topic: keywords
subject: Tanzania
  topic: keywords
subject: Underserved Populations
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Administration and Management
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sumayyah Hussein
creator: Denis Kamugisha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sumayyah Rashid Hussein, Dr. D.Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
starting page: 173
ending page: 180
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.12

Analyzing Dunford Property for Operators Satisfying Sr2 TqSr2 = S2r
type: item
description: In this study, we introduce a new class of operators defined by the properties S^(r/2) T^q S^(r/2) = S^(2r) and T^(r/2) S^q T^(r/2) = T^(2r) for integers r > q ≥ 0. The main objective is to investigate the Dunford property, commonly referred to as property (C), for the operators S^(r/2) T^q and T^q S^(r/2) under the condition that S^(2r) ∈ B(X). This research expands the framework of operator theory by introducing new operator classes through operator identities and extending existing ones. The motivation stems from the central role of operator equations in functional analysis and operator theory, where many fundamental problems in mathematics and physics can be reformulated as operator equations, yet certain classes remain insufficiently explored. The methodology involves an iterative analysis of local spectral subspaces and their interactions under the given operator identities. The results demonstrate that the introduced classes of operators satisfy the single-valued extension property (SVEP) and possess property (Q). Moreover, it is established that if S^(3r/2) has property (C), then both S^(r/2) T^q and T^q S^(r/2) inherit this property. These findings enrich the theory with broader generalizations and open avenues for further exploration of spectral properties and applications in mathematical and scientific contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: SVEP property
  topic: keywords
subject: Dunford’s property (C)
  topic: keywords
subject: Local spectral theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Victor Wanjala
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Victor Wanjala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-13
publication date: 2025-10-13
starting page: 117
ending page: 131
doi: 10.51867/asarev.maths.2.1.8

A Critical Reflection on Ideas of African Ecology, Religious and Cultural Ideologies in Ben Okri’s Novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah
type: item
description: This paper discusses the intricate portrayal of African ecology, religious and cultural ideologies in Ben Okri’s novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah (2021), as a major contribution to the ongoing conversation on ecology, religion and culture. Drawing on Morton’s (2007) Eco Criticism Theory, the paper offers a comprehensive exploration of how Okri’s novel serves as a literary conduit for narrating the relationship between African ecology, religious and cultural framework. The study adopted a qualitative research approach where a purposively sampled novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah was critically analysed. By closely analysing the narrative, the paper makes two major contributions. First, it argues that ecology and ecological crisis is a major preoccupation of the contemporary African novel, hence focusing primarily on the eco-criticism of the genre in line with the issues relevant to African studies. Secondly, it centers religion as a resource for cultural ideological conflicts, which have had an impact on cultural identity. This, in turn, addresses the problematic religious and cultural ideological differences and acknowledges the most contemporary ecological and cultural sensibilities in order to pave way for a way forward. Significantly, the findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of the nuanced interplay between Literature, ecology, religion and culture in African contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ecological Crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: Eco-Criticism
  topic: keywords
subject: Eco-Centralism
  topic: keywords
subject: Ideological Conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: English Literature
  topic: disciplines
creator: Lydia Vidembu Madete
creator: Tobias Omondi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lydia Vidembu Madete, Tobias Omondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-29
publication date: 2025-04-29
starting page: 46
ending page: 62
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.2.1.5

Managing performance limitations in Tanzanian open schools: An eye on Lipsky’s crow’s nest
type: item
description: Open schools in Tanzania are crucial for providing secondary education to adults and teenagers who are not enrolled in formal education but still face academic challenges. Prior research has mostly focused on individual (micro) teacher-client interactions, with little attention paid to organisational (meso) and national (macro) level factors. By combining micro-, meso-, and macro-level perspectives anchored on Lipsky's crow's nest, this study investigates how street-level bureaucrats address the performance constraints of open schools. As part of a qualitative case study approach, interviews were used to document experiences from selected cases. The findings indicate that inadequacy at various levels produces performance disincentives. To deal with the latter, street-level bureaucrats employ resource improvisation, peer-to-peer learning, flexible scheduling, ad hoc machinery, and informal coping mechanisms to sustain learning engagement. Although these changes support continuity in education, at some point, they compromise policy uniformity. Therefore, improving open school outcomes requires increasing the availability of resources, strengthening teacher capacity, and integrating adaptive practices into official policy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Open Schools, Lipsky's theory, and Street-level bureaucrats, Tanzania
  topic: keywords
creator: Denis Kamugisha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Denis Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
starting page: 214
ending page: 228
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.16

Academic performance of university students: Is off-campus accommodation a predicament or help?
type: item
description: Grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (EST), this study examined how off-campus housing affects university students' academic performance in Tanzania, both positively and negatively. The EST framework structured the analysis of interactions among housing conditions, institutional policies, social networks, and broader socioeconomic influences on student outcomes. Using a mixed-methods cross-sectional design, data were collected from 104 participants, including students, faculty, staff, and housing owners from three universities in the Morogoro Region. Participants were selected through stratified and purposive sampling, and data analysis involved logistic regression and thematic analysis. The outcome was that students living near the campus performed significantly better (p = 0.014), mainly due to better time management skills and access to academic resources. Cleanliness (p = 0.000), group satisfaction (p = 0.023), and the facilities provided (p = 0.003) also served as strong predictors of satisfactory academic performance. Higher income levels (p = 0.038) were also associated with better academic results, whereas higher rent costs (p = 0.021) negatively affected performance. Qualitative data supported these findings by emphasizing the importance of a stable peer environment, peer networks, and active family involvement. The study concludes that off-campus living can align with academic success if the housing is affordable, conveniently located, and conducive to studying. It suggests policy changes at institutions to enhance the quality of off-campus housing, implement rent caps, and bolster student support systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Venance Shillingi
creator: Denis Kamugisha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Venance Shillingi, Denis Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
starting page: 161
ending page: 172
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.11

Influence of risk reduction on the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County, Kenya
type: item
description: The implementation of Kenya Rural Roads Authority [KeRRA] road construction projects in Migori County faces significant risks, often leading to poor quality, cost overruns, and delays due to inadequate risk management. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of risk reduction on the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County; implementation was measured as a function of project completion within set timelines, meeting quality requirements, and being within a given budget. Guided by risk management theory, project implementation theory, and stakeholder theory, the study adopted a pragmatic research philosophy, which integrates analytic frameworks of descriptive and inferential statistics. The target population was 419 respondents, with a sample of 234; this included 39 contractors, 193 Constituency Roads Committee (CRC) members, and 2 KeRRA engineers, selected by random and purposive sampling, respectively. Data was collected with the help of a questionnaire for contractors and CRC members and a research schedule for key informant interviews with engineers. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS. The study utilized the t-statistic to test the null hypotheses. Validity and reliability of research instruments were ensured through a pilot survey and expert evaluation. The descriptive analytic framework reveals that project implementation in Migori County is below average (M=2.46, SD=1.48). The results also show that Migori County’s road construction involves moderate application of risk reduction strategy (M=3.09, SD=1.20). Linear regression analysis produced results that show that risk reduction (|t| = 2.856) is a significant determinant of the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County. In conclusion, the study revealed that implementation of the KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County is below ave…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: Kenya Rural Roads Authority
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Reduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Road Construction
  topic: keywords
subject: English
  topic: disciplines
creator: Lennard William Bundeh
creator: Janet Auma Wagude
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lennard William Bundeh, Janet Auma Wagude (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-12
publication date: 2025-10-12
starting page: 147
ending page: 160
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.10

Contribution of microfinance loans to women entrepreneurs in Tanzania: Reflections from the case of the National Microfinance Bank (NMB) in Arusha City
type: item
description: This research looked at the contribution of National Microfinance Bank (NMB) loans to women entrepreneurs in Arusha City, Tanzania. The need for this present study stems from ongoing discussions in the literature regarding microfinance’s function in bettering the livelihoods of the poor. This is more so in emerging economies, e.g., the Philippines, India, Indonesia, and several countries in Africa, where evidence has remained vague. Notwithstanding the fact that microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania have undergone accelerated growth, the vast majority of small-scale businesses struggle to remain afloat. It has been noted that most businesses stagnate or, worse, fail within the first five years of operation. As such, this issue underscores the value of critically evaluating whether microfinance interventions, especially those focusing on women entrepreneurs, are attaining their intended objectives, namely poverty reduction and economic empowerment. This study was guided by the following specific objectives: (i) to document and analyze benefits of NMB’s loan to women entrepreneurs, (ii) to examine the use of loans by women entrepreneurs, and (iii) to identify factors affecting loan performance in women enterprises and NMB. This research was anchored on the empowerment theory. This study utilized a case study research design. The targeted population encompassed women entrepreneurs and NMB staff in Arusha City. A sample size of 138 responders was purposively and randomly chosen. Data was obtained through structured questionnaires and interviews and later analyzed thematically and statistically in order to address the study objectives. The key findings indicated that NMB loans contributed positively to women entrepreneurs. This was through boosting incomes, bettering asset ownership, and raising their social standards. Accessing loans allowed women beneficiaries to finance basic needs like food, education, shelter, and health care. In addition, it assisted in dive…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arusha
  topic: keywords
subject: Empowerment Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Microfinance
  topic: keywords
subject: National Microfinance Bank
  topic: keywords
subject: Women Entrepreneurs
  topic: keywords
subject: Tanzania
  topic: keywords
subject: Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Gender Studies
  topic: disciplines
subject: Entrepreurship
  topic: disciplines
creator: Netho Ndilito
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Netho Ndilito (PhD) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 132
ending page: 146
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.9

Short run forecasting of petroleum prices in Tanzania using ARIMA and exponential smoothing: A comparative analysis
type: item
description: Tanzania's economy remains highly dependent on imported petroleum, with petrol price fluctuations significantly impacting inflation, transportation costs, and household welfare. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of ARIMA and Exponential Smoothing methods for short-run forecasting of petrol prices in Tanzania to identify the most accurate model for predicting future petroleum price trends. Using monthly petrol price data from 2005 to 2024 obtained from the Bank of Tanzania (BOT), we applied the Box-Jenkins methodology to compare the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Exponential Smoothing models. The ARIMA (1,1,4) with drift model was identified as optimal based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and maximum log-likelihood criteria. This model achieved superior forecasting accuracy with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 2.44%, compared to 2.58% for Exponential Smoothing. The model forecasts a steady monthly increase of 0.3-0.5% in petrol prices, projecting prices to reach 3,500.65 TZS/L by September 2026. While the model demonstrates strong predictive performance (Ljung-Box p-value = 0.265), its limitations in anticipating sudden price shocks highlight the need for complementary risk management strategies. These findings provide policymakers and market participants with a reliable tool for budget planning and economic forecasting. The study underscores Tanzania's vulnerability to global oil market volatility and emphasizes the importance of developing strategic fuel reserves and alternative energy sources to enhance energy security.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Akaike Information Criteria
  topic: keywords
subject: ARIMA
  topic: keywords
subject: Bayesian
  topic: keywords
subject: Ljung–Box
  topic: keywords
subject: Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Econometrics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Bahati Ilembo
creator: Sharifu Nurdin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bahati Ilembo, Sharifu Nurdin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-19
publication date: 2025-09-19
starting page: 100
ending page: 116
doi: 10.51867/asarev.2.1.7

On the exponential and approximate point spectrum of a bounded linear operator in Banach spaces
type: item
description: This paper investigates the exponential and approximate point spectrum of a bounded linear operator in Banach spaces. We define the operator exp(T) for a bounded linear operator T in a Banach space X and determine if exp(T) is invertible. We show that if S is a bounded linear operator in X and S commutes with T then exp(S + T) equals exp(T).exp(S). If H is a Hilbert space and T is a bounded linear operator in H which is normal such that T commutes with a bounded linear operator S in H, then S commutes with the adjoint of T. The converse of this statement holds. For a bounded linear operator A in H, the boundary of the spectrum of A is contained in subset of the approximate point spectrum of A. Also, if A and B are bounded linear operators in H which are similar, then A and B have the same spectrum, point spectrum, approximate point spectrum and compression spectrum. Using the Spectral Mapping Theorem, we have shown that the exponential and approximate point spectrum are independent of the Banach space.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Exponential
  topic: keywords
subject: Approximate point spectrum
  topic: keywords
subject: Compression spectrum
  topic: keywords
subject: Banach spaces
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Maureen Kipruto
creator: Achiles Nyongesa Simiyu
creator: Aldrin Wanambisi Wekesa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maureen Kipruto, Achiles Nyongesa Simiyu, Aldrin Wanambisi Wekesa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 6
ending page: 23
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.2.1.2

Comparative Analysis of Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antioxidant Properties of Fagaropsis hildebrandtii and Fagaropsis angolensis Extracts
type: item
description: Fagaropsis hildebrandtii and Fagaropsis angolensis are widely used across East, Central, and Southern parts of Africa as traditional remedies for the management of various disorders associated with inflammation, pain, and oxidative stress. However, it remains unclear whether F. hildebrandtii and F. angolensis plant parts have equivalent efficacy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of the two medicinal plants. This was an experimental controlled research design. The study area was Embu and Makueni Counties. Methanol and water extracts of powdered F. hildebrandtii stem bark and F. angolensis leaves were prepared by maceration. Different extract concentrations were then tested for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activity using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, acetic acid-induced writhing model, and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed that F. hildebrandtii stem bark extract had higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to F. angolensis leaves (P < 0.05). However, F. angolensis leaves exhibited significantly greater analgesic activity than F. hildebrandtii stem bark extracts (P < 0.05). Comparison of antioxidant activities of the extracts did not show any significant differences (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the findings indicate variation in analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, but not in the antioxidant properties of F. hildebrandtii and F. angolensis. The study recommends plant preservation, active pharmaceutical ingredient identification, testing in non-human primates, and in clinical trials.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anti-Inflammatory
  topic: keywords
subject: Analgesic and Antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: F. angolensis
  topic: keywords
subject: F. hildebrandtii
  topic: keywords
subject: Biological Sciences
  topic: disciplines
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Peter Maloba
creator: Sammy Kimoloi
creator: Jared Onyancha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Maloba, Sammy Kimoloi, Jared Onyancha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-29
publication date: 2025-04-29
starting page: 33
ending page: 45
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.2.1.4

The Changing Landscape Due to Technological Advancement and Its Influence on the Maasai Image in Ole Kulet’s the Hunter, the Varnishing Herds and the Elephant Dance
type: item
description: This paper examines the implications of modern technology on Maasai culture as depicted by Ole Kulet in his novels The Hunter, The Vanishing Herds, and The Elephant Dance. The study employs textual analysis within the framework of descriptive qualitative research. Through critical reading of the primary texts, complemented by secondary materials such as scholarly articles, journals, and magazines, the research explores how various characters manipulate technological resources to adapt to the dynamics of modern society. The findings reveal that Ole Kulet not only narrates the deep relationships between landscape and humanity but also highlights the impact of technology in creating unfamiliar spaces within African contexts. These new spaces, introduced by cultures that perceive landscapes differently, disrupt traditional relationships and values. The study thus portrays how technological advancement in Africa has transformed landscapes, leading to significant repercussions on African cultures and identities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: African Landscape
  topic: keywords
subject: Ole Kulet
  topic: keywords
subject: Technological Advancement
  topic: keywords
subject: The Elephant Dance
  topic: keywords
subject: The Hunter
  topic: keywords
subject: The Maasai
  topic: keywords
subject: The Varnishing Herds
  topic: keywords
subject: English Literature
  topic: disciplines
creator: Lydia Vidembu Madete
creator: Tobias Omondi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lydia Vidembu Madete, Tobias Omondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-29
publication date: 2025-04-29
starting page: 24
ending page: 32
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.2.1.3

A Characterization of Classes of Linear Ternary Codes over the GaloisField GF(3)
type: item
description: Linear cyclic ternary codes defined over the Galois field GF(3) exhibit several advantages over their binary counterparts. For instance, they provide an extra option for each pulse resulting into a larger set of available codes at any given length. This paper presents a comprehensive study of classes of linear cyclic ternary codes of length 25 ≤ n ≤ 50. While binary codes have been extensively studied, the properties and applications of longer ternary codes remain less explored. This study address this gap by providing an in-depth characterization of these codes for the stated lengths. Using computational methods implemented in Magma software, a diverse set of linear cyclic ternary codes over GF(3) were generated and analyzed. The paper provides a multifaceted characterization framework that integrates algebraic, combinatorial, and geometric perspectives, offering a holistic understanding of these codes. This study contributes to the theoretical advancement of non-binary codes and their practical applications in error correction, cryptography, and communication systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mary Immaculate Okombo
creator: Michael Onyango Ojiema
creator: Benard Kivunge
creator: Vincent Marani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mary Immaculate Okombo, Michael Onyango Ojiema, Benard Kivunge, Vincent Marani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-11
publication date: 2025-04-11
starting page: 63
ending page: 83
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.2.1.3

Optimal control harvesting in a deterministic predator-prey model for a three-patch ecosystem
type: item
description: Predator-prey interactions play a pivotal role in shaping ecosystem dynamics, with significant implications for sustainable resource management. While much of the existing literature has focused on deterministic harvesting models in single or two-patch ecosystems, there remains a gap in exploring optimal harvesting strategies within spatially distributed multi-patch systems. This study develops a deterministic predator-prey model across three interconnected patches, representing cage-based aquaculture zones within a lake. The model incorporates prey migration between patches and harvesting applied to the prey population only. We formulate an optimal control problem aimed at maximizing the net economic return from harvesting while ensuring ecological sustainability. Using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, we derive necessary conditions for optimality and construct a time-dependent control strategy. Numerical simulations, with the help of Python software, reveal that fixed-rate harvesting lead to population decline or instability, while the optimal control strategy stabilizes both predator and prey populations within sustainable bounds. These findings provide valuable insights for fisheries management, aquaculture policy, and the design of ecologically sound harvesting strategies in multi-zone environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Lucian Talu Mayabi
creator: David Angwenyi
creator: Duncan Oganga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lucian Talu Mayabi, David Angwenyi, Duncan Oganga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-07-14
publication date: 2025-07-14
starting page: 84
ending page: 99
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.2.1.6

Investigating Computational Generalization of Mixed Polynomial Exponential on Diophantine Equations: αn + βn + α(αsψβs)m + D = r(uk + vk + wk) with consecutive α and β
type: item
description: Let a, α, β, r, u, v, w, and D be integers, and let n, m, s, and k be non-negative exponents. This paper investigates the Diophantine equation αⁿ + βⁿ + a(αˢ + βˢ)ᵐ + D = r(uᵏ + vᵏ + wᵏ) for integer solutions and explores associated polynomial identities. Additionally, several conjectures are formulated in relation to this equation, aiming to extend the understanding of its integer solutions and structural properties. The focus is on finding integer solutions and examining the underlying polynomial identities. The structure of this equation—combining additive powers, multiplicative transformations, and polynomial expressions in multiple integer variables—presents unique challenges and opportunities in the search for integer solutions. By exploring cases for specific values of n, m, s, and k, we develop insights into solution sets, identify relationships among terms, and analyze the symmetry properties inherent in this equation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sequences
  topic: keywords
subject: Diophantine equation
  topic: keywords
subject: Integers
  topic: keywords
subject: Polynomial identities
  topic: keywords
subject: Factorization
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Abraham Osogo Nyakebogo
creator: Boaz Simatwo Kimtai
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abraham Osogo Nyakebogo, Boaz Simatwo Kimtai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-20
publication date: 2025-04-20
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.2.1.1

Robot Manipulator Programming Via Demonstrative-Kinesthetic Teaching for Efficient Industrial Material Handling Applications
type: item
description: The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is on course for onboarding by the various manufacturing industries. The fluctuating nature of consumer needs has made it necessary to renovate existing industry approaches to industrial activities. This is an attempt to hold a competitive edge over conventional manufacturing activities. The development of cyber-physical systems (CPS), technological advancements, and the integration of computers in manufacturing processes have seen the introduction of robotized systems to aid in the processes. This has led to the start of smart factories, hence smart manufacturing. Today, robots are deployed in social places for entertainment, hospitals for telemedicine, industries for various activities, and fields of exploration. The robot programming techniques have significantly advanced from traditional text-based language programming (TLP) and offline programming (OLP) to various paradigms of programming by demonstration (PbD), such as tele-kinesthetic teaching (TKT) and demonstrative-kinesthetic teaching (DKT). This paper aimed to program a robotic manipulator using DKT and contrasted it against programming using structured text for industrial material handling applications. The study was validated via palletizing and contour path welding experiments. The materials for the experiments were a robotic manipulator (Dobot Magician), a laptop, USB cables, and stopwatches. A control platform for the arm was created using Microsoft Visual Studio code. The platform allowed arm manipulation, demonstratively using the hand-held trigger button on the forearm to capture motions. The palletizing and contour path weld experiments used the DKT and structured texts as programming modes. The results showed a shorter DKT reaction time than structured texts when conducting the palletizing experiment. The palletizing experimental time was lesser than when performed over the structured texts. The contour path welding indicated an equal reaction time for both…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dobot Magician
  topic: keywords
subject: Engineering
  topic: disciplines
subject: Demonstrative-Kinesthetic Teaching
  topic: disciplines
subject: Robot Manipulator
  topic: disciplines
subject: Material Handling
  topic: disciplines
subject: Palletizing
  topic: disciplines
creator: Griffin Pilot Mabong
creator: Emmanuel A. E. Osore
creator: Peter T. Cherop
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Griffin Pilot Mabong, Emmanuel A. E. Osore, Peter T. Cherop (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 165
ending page: 171
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Engineering.1.1.9

Trade Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers in Tanzania: A Case of the Dar es Salaam-Namanga Busy Border Trade Post
type: item
description: The main objective of this study is to examine and quantify the effects of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) on cargo trade movement in Tanzania, focusing on the Dar es Salaam-Namanga Border Post. Specifically, the study aims to identify the main administrative or technical requirements along this trade route (both old and new), analyze the regularity of these requirements based on respondents’ feedback, and provide recommendations for mitigating NTBs. The study utilized an empirical survey design, collecting mostly qualitative data on border trade performance and perceived non-tariff barriers. The research was guided by economic theory and targeted formal and informal cross-border traders, transport companies, truck drivers, weighbridge attendants, and customs and revenue authorities. Data was collected through desk research, interviews, questionnaires, and stakeholder consultations. The Dar es Salaam-Namanga route was chosen for its importance as the busiest commercial corridor in the East African Community (EAC). The study employed both probability and non-probability sampling techniques, restricted to the Arusha-Namanga roadway. Four data collection methods were used: desk research, interviews, questionnaires, and stakeholder consultations. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis for qualitative information, and an econometric model based on Newton's gravitational equation (a modified gravity model) was used to quantify trade effects. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed for stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. The model's predictive power was tested using an F-test, and it was verified to meet assumptions of linearity, homoscedasticity, and multicollinearity. The results revealed that roadblocks, customs clearance, permits, and road infrastructure significantly affected trade performance. Unethical practices at weighbridges, frequent police checks, and customs procedures lead to monetary losses and time delays for cross-border tr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cargo Trade Movement
  topic: keywords
subject: Dar-Namanga Border
  topic: keywords
subject: East African Community
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Tarrif Barriers
  topic: keywords
subject: Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Balozi Morwa
creator: Netho Ndilito
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Balozi Morwa (PhD), Netho Ndilito (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-09-26
publication date: 2024-09-26
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Econ.1.1.10

Unpacking the Lean Manufacturing Implementation in Small and Medium Food and Beverage Industries in Tanzania: A Factor Analysis Approach
type: item
description: This paper examined the status of lean manufacturing implementation in food and beverage SMEs in the selected two regions through lean tools integrated and lean outputs achieved. The study employed a mixed method approach. Qualitative and quantitative designs were used to inform the analysis. The study used cluster random sampling with a sample of 120 industries consisting of different small and medium food and beverage processing industries. We used descriptive statistics and Index of Relative Importance to rank indicators for both lean tools implementation and lean output. Factor analysis was also used to identify the underlying relationships of the variables for lean implementation. Results show that majority of the food and beverage SMEs have adopted and implemented work standardization through presences of operation procedures to avoid variations; followed by Statistical Process Control. Also, out of the seventeen lean tools indicators, five are highly implemented in most of the selected industries for increasing process utilization, efficiency and quality improvement with the remaining twelve not highly implemented. Further, results revealed that, defective products are highly reduced in the SMEs after the implementation of lean tools, followed by reduction of inappropriate processing of products. It is recommended that, in order to identify areas for improvement, necessary for industry sustainability, the industries must do lean assessments, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to ensure the continuous improvement of lean practices. Also, tailoring lean strategies to specific sectors within SMEs is very important.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Factor Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Lean
  topic: keywords
subject: Manufacturing Strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
  topic: keywords
subject: Lean Production
  topic: disciplines
subject: Statistics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Mary Shoshiwa
creator: Bahati Ilembo
creator: Joseph Sungau
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Mary Shoshiwa, Bahati Ilembo, Joseph Sungau (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-09-23
publication date: 2024-09-23
starting page: 149
ending page: 164
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Stats.1.1.9

Mathematical Modeling of Cholera Mitigation Incorporating Handwashing
type: item
description: Cholera is a bacterial infection caused by Vibrio cholerae. This bacterium produces a toxin that leads to severe diarrhea and dehydration. Cholera is often associated with areas with poor sanitation, limited access to clean water and overcrowded conditions. Cholera remains a significant global health concern, with outbreaks occurring frequently in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. This study aims to investigate the role of handwashing in mitigating cholera. considering the key factors such as mode of transmission, incubation period, signs and symptoms, treatment measures, risk factors and the main causes of cholera. The study tends to assess the effectiveness of handwashing as a preventive measure against cholera transmission. The research addresses the critical gap in understanding the specific contribution of handwashing in preventing cholera, considering its complex transmission dynamics. The expected results of this study are an association between increased handwashing and a decrease in cholera occurrence. Results from this study will inform evidence-based strategies for disease prevention and contribute to the broader field of infectious disease prevention modeling. The study seeks to elucidate the dynamics of cholera transmission, considering the interplay between susceptible, infectious and recovered population. Analysis of the model shows that there exists a region where the model is mathematically and epidemiologically well posed because its solutions were positive and bounded. Computation of the basic reproduction number, was done using the next generation matrix approach. It was determined that when R0 < 1, cholera does not spread. Stability analysis of the cholera model showed that the disease free equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable. Ideally, this means that keeping R0 < 1 is a possible strategy for curbing the spread of the disease. Analysis of the endemic equilibrium shows its existence when R0 > 1. Furtherm…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cholera
  topic: keywords
subject: Handwashing
  topic: keywords
subject: Endemic Equilibrium
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sheila Cherotich
creator: Branis Khachiti
creator: Phelesia Khakali
creator: Risper Kendi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Cherotich Sheila, Khachiti Branis, Khakali Phelesia, Kendi Risper (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-06-21
publication date: 2024-06-21
starting page: 127
ending page: 148
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.1.1.9

https://asarev.net/ojs/index.php/asarev/article/view/9
type: item
title: Statistical Analysis of the Effect of Educational Opportunities and Community Involvement on Adolescents and Sexual Reproductive Health Policy on Retention of Girl Child in Public Secondary Schools in Butula Sub-County, Kenya
description: Girls’ retention in schools has been found to be a major challenge. Failure to retain girls in secondary schools can be considered as a waste of potential human resources and money spend on them in primary education and time lost in sending them to school in the first place. These girls may become a breed of illiterate women who are less productive economically, socially and politically. Among the critical contemporary social issues affecting many countries is teenage pregnancies. This research, therefore, analyses the effect of educational opportunities and community involvement on girl child retention in public secondary schools in Butula sub-county, Kenya using statistical method. Specifically, the research seeks to establish statistically the impact of educational opportunities and community involvement on girl child retention in public secondary schools in Butula Sub-county, Busia County. The study targeted a sample size of 300 respondents which were selected using convenient and purposive sampling techniques based Mugenda and Mugenda (2004) formula. Also, the data from both primary and secondary sources was used in the study. The instruments for gathering the data comprised questionnaires, interviews, and records from the schools. A SPSS version 25 was used to establish any link between the Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health Policy and girl child retention in public secondary schools Butula Sub-County, Busia County. This study will increase understanding of the effect of teenage pregnancy on class attendance in public secondary schools in Butula Sub-county. The findings of the study indicated that girls missed school during their menstruation because sanitary facilities were inadequate.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Girl Child Retention in Public Secondary Schools
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Involvement
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Opportunities
  topic: keywords
creator: Caroline Awunya Asiepet
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Caroline Awunya Asiepet (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-04-22
publication date: 2024-04-22
starting page: 106
ending page: 126
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.1.1.8

Forecasting Inflation in Kenya Using ARIMA Model
type: item
description: This study was to investigates the dynamics of inflation in Kenya through the application of advanced time series modeling techniques, specifically Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) analysis. Inflation is a critical economic indicator that directly influences monetary policy, investment decisions, and overall economic stability. Given the dynamic of inflation in emerging economies such as Kenya, a fine understanding of its patterns and the ability to make accurate forecasts are imperative for policymakers, businesses, and investors. The ARIMA (2,2,2) model was employed to capture the underlying trend and seasonality in the inflation data, providing insights into the historical behavior of inflation in Kenya. In this study, we used R programming software and STATA to analyze and generate meaningful information from the data. The data was obtained from World Bank for a period from 1960 to 2022.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average
  topic: keywords
subject: Time Series Modeling Techniques
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Braden Kipkirui Cheruiyot
creator: Rodgers Otieno Onyango
creator: Maurine Boke Mogesi
creator: Maureen Mumbua Kisina
creator: Michelle Mokeira Arani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Braden Kipkirui Cheruiyot, Rodgers Otieno Onyango, Maurine Boke Mogesi, Maureen Mumbua Kisina, Michelle Mokeira Arani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-04-19
publication date: 2024-04-19
starting page: 86
ending page: 105
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.1.1.7

Predicting Rainfall Pattern in Kakamega County using Time Series
type: item
description: Rainfall patterns play a critical role in shaping various aspects of our lives. Understanding the patterns, trends and predictability of rainfall is essential for effective planning and decision making in various aspects including agriculture, water resource management, disaster preparedness and social economic planning. In agricultural activities crops require specific amount of water at the right time for growth. By understanding the rainfall patterns, farmers can adapt their farming activities, optimizing irrigation strategies and make informed decisions. In the management, it help policy makers and management authorities for planning efficient water allocations and conservations measures. Therefore, in this paper we fit a time series model that best describes rainfall patterns of Kakamega county for the general ARIMA and generated the values of (P, D, Q) to forecast average expected monthly rainfall. Also we use R software for verification and data fitting of the model. The data we have used is from the Kakamega meteorological station in Kakamega.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rainfall Patterns
  topic: keywords
subject: Predictability
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimizing Irrigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Joan Awuor
creator: Elvis Kemboi
creator: Benson Nzaro
creator: Hesbon Mocha
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Joan Awuor, Elvis Kemboi, Benson Nzaro, Hesbon Mocha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-04-18
publication date: 2024-04-18
starting page: 71
ending page: 85
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.1.1.6

Numerical Solutions of Potential Flow Equations using Finite Differences
type: item
description: This article delves into the numerical solutions of potential flow equations using finite differences, aiming to enhance our understanding of fluid dynamics. The general objective is to obtain numerical solutions to potential flow equations using finite differences, with specific objectives including the investigation of potential flow equations, the solutions of associated PDE and the analysis of the stability of employed numerical schemes. The study employs a combination of numerical methods to achieve its objectives; MATLAB is utilized as a computational tool, while the Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi’s iterative methods are implemented for solving PDEs. Central differences are employed for discretization. The study yields valuable insights into the behaviour of potential flow systems. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to advancing our comprehension of fluid dynamics with potential applications. Generally, this work provides a foundation for further exploration and application of numerical methods in the study of potential flow.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Computational Tool
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluid Dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Potential Flow Equations
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Lucy Annastacia
creator: Collins Andete
creator: Collins Wanyama
creator: Paul Yongo
creator: Benjamin Mwendwa
creator: Griffin Omondi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Lucy Annastacia, Collins Andete, Collins Wanyama, Paul Yongo, Benjamin Mwendwa, Griffin Omondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-04-17
publication date: 2024-04-17
starting page: 56
ending page: 70
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.1.1.5

Analyzing the Relationship between Government Revenue and Economic Growth in Kenya from 2012-2022 using Multiple Linear Regression
type: item
description: The relationship between government revenue and economic growth is a debate that has existed for a long time in the living history.Government revenue impacts economic growth differently within different regions. Some researchers argue that government revenue positively affects economic growth while others argue that the relationship is negative. However, minimal literature exists exploring the relationship between the two variables at country specific level. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Government revenue and economic growth in Kenya. The research adopted the correlational study design. The study used secondary data collected from the Central Bank of Kenya, KNBS, and Government records such as the finance Act. We collected data on different sources of Government Revenue such income tax, Value Added Tax (VAT), excise duty, import duty, Other tax income. The study also included data on non-tax revenue. The set of data under the study was from the financial years 2011/2012 to 2022/2023. The analysis has been done by the use of R software. To identify the level of association of the study variables such as GDP,Income tax,VAT,excise tax,import duty,other tax and non-tax revenue, he study employs multiple linear regression analysis. To check on the level of significance, we tested at 5% significant levels. The p-value is 0.008462 which was less than 0.05 hence we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is significant positive relationship between Government Revenue and Economic growth in Kenya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economic Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Government Revenue
  topic: keywords
subject: Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Paul Kinyua Ngari
creator: Sharon Atieno Ooko
creator: Maryann Wanjiku Huho
creator: Sammy Kibet Chemos
creator: Allen Nyachieo Onchimbo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Paul Kinyua Ngari, Sharon Atieno Ooko, Maryann Wanjiku Huho , Sammy Kibet Chemos, Allen Nyachieo Onchimbo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-04-17
publication date: 2024-04-17
starting page: 39
ending page: 55
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.1.1.4

Regression Analysis of the Effects of Debt on Economic Performance in Kenya
type: item
description: This study investigates the impact of debt on economic performance in Kenya, focusing on both internal and external debt. Using regression analysis and correlation techniques, data from 2000 to 2021 was analyzed to understand the relationship between debt levels and economic growth indicators such as GDP. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship: while internal debt shows a positive association with economic growth, external debt demonstrates a negative association. Effective debt management strategies are crucial to mitigate adverse effects, including monitoring debt levels, negotiating favorable terms with creditors, and directing borrowing towards productive sectors. Promoting export-led growth, enhancing fiscal discipline, and continuous monitoring and evaluation are recommended policy actions. Despite limitations such as data constraints and external factors influencing economic performance, future research avenues include long-term analysis, sectoral studies, comparative analyses, and qualitative investigations into stakeholder perceptions. This study contributes to understanding the complexities of debt dynamics and informs policymakers in navigating sustainable economic development pathways.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Comparative analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: External debt
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Christine Kabwoya Engefu
creator: Kevin Odhiambo Adika
creator: Douglas Kisilu Mutua
creator: Kevine Otieno
creator: Isack Okumu Akeet
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Christine Kabwoya Engefu, Kevin Odhiambo Adika, Douglas Kisilu Mutua, Kevine Otieno, Isack Okumu Akeet (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-04-17
publication date: 2024-04-17
starting page: 28
ending page: 38
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.1.1.3

Forecasting Financial Crisis using Topological Data Analysis Approach
type: item
description: Traditional financial forecasting methods often struggle to capture the complex interactions and emerging patterns that precede financial crises. By leveraging on TDA, this research aims to uncover potential topological features that might serve as early warning signals for impending financial crises. The study adopts the utilization of Topological Data Analysis, an initiative mathematical framework to explore and analyze the inherent topological structures within financial data set, using secondary data from ”Yahoo Finance API”. The results of the analysis conducted using Python indicate that persistence homology in TDA successfully identifies key topology features associated with financial crises, implying its potential for developing early warning systems in the financial sector. The insights gained from this analysis could significantly enhance the early detection and proactive management of system risks in financial market, thereby contributing to more robust risk assessment and policy formulation strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Financial Crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: Topological Data Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional Financial Forecasting
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Naomi Nyaboke Oseko
creator: Achuo Gilead Omondi
creator: Hassan Dogo Onyango
creator: Desma Awuor Olwa
creator: Gabriel Maina
creator: Moses Oruru Morara
creator: Kelvin Mwangi Thiong’o
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Naomi Nyaboke Oseko, Achuo Gilead Omondi, Hassan Dogo Onyango, Desma Awuor Olwa, Gabriel Maina, Moses Oruru Morara, Kelvin Mwangi Thiong’o (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-04-17
publication date: 2024-04-17
starting page: 1
ending page: 17
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.1.1.1

On Some Aspects of Compactness in Metric Spaces
type: item
description: In this paper, we investigate the generalizations of the concepts from Heine-Borel Theorem and the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem to metric spaces. We show that the metric space X is compact if every open covering has a finite subcovering. This abstracts the Heine-Borel property. Indeed, the Heine-Borel Theorem states that closed bounded subsets of the real line R are compact. In this study, we rephrase compactness in terms of closed bounded subsets of the real line R, that is, the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. Let X be any closed bounded subset of the real line. Then any sequence (xn) of the points of X has a subsequence converging to a point of X. We have used these interesting theorems to characterize compactness in metric spaces.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Metric space
  topic: keywords
subject: Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem
  topic: keywords
subject: Heine-Borel theorem
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hillary Amonyela Isabu
creator: Michael Onyango Ojiema
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hillary Amonyela Isabu, Michael Onyango Ojiema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-04-17
publication date: 2024-04-17
starting page: 18
ending page: 27
doi: 10.51867/Asarev.Maths.1.1.2