Welcome to the African Scientific Annual Review (ASAREV), a dynamic journal dedicated to exploring the frontiers of knowledge in Social Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Research Methodologies. The journal is in academic and research cooperation with the Rostov State Transport University, Interfaith Global University and ARTIFEX University of Romania among other universities and institutions worldwide. Rooted in a commitment to elevate the global scientific dialogue, ASAREV stands out as a hub for collaboration, connecting scholars, and institutions within and beyond the African continent. Our mission is to provide an insightful examination of the latest breakthroughs, innovations, and research findings in Social Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Research Methodologies through a meticulous peer-review process. ASAREV embraces the principles of open access, ensuring that all published content is readily available to the public. This commitment allows for the unrestricted distribution, sharing, and reproduction of valuable scientific knowledge, provided proper attribution is given. With a global reach, ASAREV ensures the widespread dissemination of published content, reaching thousands of libraries worldwide. This strategic approach aims to amplify the impact of the groundbreaking research featured in our journal on an international scale. Authors are the driving force behind ASAREV, and we prioritize their contributions to advancing scientific understanding. Our journal offers comprehensive support and guidance throughout the publication process, working collaboratively with authors to ensure their research meets our rigorous standards. In instances where revisions are needed, we provide the necessary assistance and flexibility. Embark on your academic journey with ASAREV, where we celebrate excellence in Social Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Research Methodologies. Join us in pushing the boundaries of knowledge and contributing to the global scientific conversation. ASAREV invites researchers to submit their work and be part of a collective effort to shape the future of scientific and academic progress. Get ready to showcase your work and make a lasting impact in the scientific community with ASAREV!
Resilience or reinvention? Rethinking Maasai pathways to sustainability in changing climate conditions in Kilosa and Mvomero districts of Tanzania’s Morogoro region
Pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa face challenges from climate variability, environmental degradation, and socio-economic changes. The Maasai of Tanzania adapt their traditional lifestyles to modern challenges, yet understanding their resilience is limited by rapid ecological and policy shifts. This study examined diversification, indigenous knowledge, community involvement, and government policies in supporting sustainable livelihoods. Using the Portfolio Theory of Risk and Resilience Theory, a mixed-methods approach combined quantitative analysis via PLS-SEM with qualitative data from interviews and focus groups. The target population comprised 386 individuals from 13 Maasai villages across Kilosa and Mvomero. Yamane’s formula was used to get a sample size of 130 respondents. Results showed 82% of respondents engaged in income activities beyond pastoralism, and 99% valued indigenous knowledge for adaptation. Community participation was the strongest factor influencing sustainability (β = 0.635, p < 0.05), mediating the effects of diversification and indigenous knowledge. Government support was positive but limited due to low awareness and inconsistent application. Qualitative data reinforced these findings, highlighting the community's desire to blend tradition with innovation amid challenges such as limited access to credit, training, and inclusive decision-making processes. The study concludes that Maasai resilience is rooted in cultural traditions, social cohesion, and local institutions. It recommends inclusive diversification, protection of Indigenous knowledge, stronger community governance, and clearer policy communication to support sustainable pastoralist livelihoods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Venance Shillingi, Bethsheba Sakinoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Does having prior research experience influence postgraduate students’ research competency?
Mastering research courses at the postgraduate level is challenging, as students consider them complex and stressful. Anecdotal evidence reveals that most postgraduate students are expressing frustration about their difficulties in mastering the research course at the postgraduate level. Although some postgraduate students have prior research experience, it's been difficult to distinguish them from those without experience. Using Experiential Learning Theory, this study aimed to investigate whether prior research experience influences research competency at the postgraduate level. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 85 postgraduate students at Mzumbe University, Tanzania. The sample was drawn using a stratified sampling technique from a population of 150 students, with schools, campuses, and faculties serving as strata. Descriptive and regression analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20 software. The results indicate that having prior research experience and conducting research at the undergraduate level significantly influenced research competency at the postgraduate level at P = 0.01 and P = 0.011, respectively. Nonetheless, undertaking a research course at the undergraduate level was determined to be statistically insignificant in improving graduate research competencies. The study concluded that enhancing research competencies and learning structure requires integration of both the theoretical and practical components of teaching methodologies. This calls for higher learning institutions to review their undergraduate curricula to reflect the learning needs of their students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cliford J. Ringo, Shauri O. Kinunda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of stingless bee products from the East African Region
Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, including East Africa, where they produce honey, propolis, and pollen that have long been valued for their medicinal and nutritional properties. Specifically, the honey is recognized for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects due to its rich content of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids. In East African countries, there has been an increasing interest in the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical composition of stingless bee products to validate their traditional uses and explore their therapeutic potential. This narrative review highlights the findings of these studies, which have mainly focused on the honey of Meliponula, Plebeina, Hypotrigona, and Dactylurina species. The honey of these species has particularly been reported to be active against several common bacterial pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi. Moreover, reports also indicate that honey and propolis of some East African stingless bees are active against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Reports on phytochemical analyses indicate that depending on the region, stingless bee honey from the East African region contains diverse phytochemical contents, including flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. These findings suggest that stingless bee honey possesses significant potential as a natural source of antimicrobial agents and functional food. However, variations in phytochemical composition influenced by species diversity and environmental conditions indicate the need for further research. Future studies should prioritize standardization, detailed phytochemical profiling, and clinical validation, alongside sustainable meliponiculture development. Unlike the honey, however, there are limited studies on the other nest products (pollen, cerumen, and propolis). This calls for more research, particularly on propolis and pollen, which are known to have antimicrobial properties. There is also a need for isolation of pure antimicrobial compounds from the nest’s products and subsequent mechanistic studies. Future studies should also expand the antimicrobial studies to include viruses, fungi, and protozoans.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christine Chepkemoi, Sabella J. Kiprono, Sammy Kimoloi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining the role of organisational structure and transparency in enhancing stakeholder engagement in SMEs: An emerging-economy perspective
This study sought to examine the effects of organisational structure (OS) and organisational transparency (OT) on stakeholder engagement (SE) in Ghanaian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It adopts a quantitative study approach underpinned by organisational design theory and the stakeholder theory paradigm. Also, the study used a cross-sectional design to collect primary data from the respondents, which were later analysed using PLS-SEM. A total of 488 SMEs made up the targeted population. Using convenience sampling, a total of 463 SMEs were sampled, representing 92.6% of the population. Additionally, the data collection was done by means of a structured questionnaire distributed both in hard copy and soft copy to the selected respondents. Thirty-eight (38) of the questionnaires were either rejected because of incomplete data or non-response; hence, valid responses became 425. The findings show that the organisational structure and transparency components have a positive significant effect on stakeholder engagement. Also, transparency is found to moderate the effect of structure on engagement such that the relationship becomes stronger at high levels of transparency. Internal system alignment with transparent communication support leads to building better and more profound levels of trust among stakeholders. The results provide direct implications for SME leaders, policymakers, and development agencies who would want to enhance governance processes, stakeholder relations, and sustainable business practice in emerging markets such as Ghana. The study recommends that since the design is cross-sectional in nature, no inference of causality can be drawn. A longitudinal or experimental design in a future study to reform structure and transparency and test its effect on engagement over time would go a long way toward redressing this weakness. Also, the study is specific to Ghanaian SMEs; therefore, conducting a similar comparative study between other Sub-Saharan African economies will bring regional perspectives into sharper focus and also validate the degree to which results may be generalised. Additionally, future research may look at how technological tools, for instance, enterprise resource planning systems and digital dashboards, promote organisational transparency and stakeholder responsiveness while increasing SME digitisation in Africa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Godfrey Adda, Esther Asiedu, Mustapha Torobo Seidu, Michael Yipake Banseh, Baba Blonch Adombilla, John Bosco Azigwe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Institutional structures and fair power supply: Consequences for underserved populations in Ilkiding'a Ward, Arusha Region, Tanzania
This study investigated the influence of computer programs on the learning outcomes of learners with disabilities in public comprehensive schools in Saboti Sub-County, Kenya. The study was guided by the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, which focuses on providing multiple ways for learners to engage, access information, and demonstrate understanding to accommodate diverse needs. A descriptive research design was employed to conduct the study. The study examined 1,509 respondents from 13 public comprehensive schools in Saboti Sub-County. Using the Krejcie and Morgan Table, it was determined that a sample of 310 participants would be sufficient. From this sample, 297 learners with disabilities were selected using stratified random sampling, and 13 heads of institutions were included purposely. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires given to the learners with disabilities, and interviews were conducted with the heads of institutions. For the quantitative responses, descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used, while the qualitative responses were examined to identify common themes. The results showed that learners with disabilities gained benefits from computer programs such as Access to Math, Live Scribe, and Big Calc. Many learners with disabilities reported that these tools helped them understand the material better, and there was a visible connection between using the programs and improved academic results. The study concludes that computer programs can support learning effectively, but teachers need adequate training, and schools should improve ICT facilities to maximize these resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumayyah Rashid Hussein, Dr. D.Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analyzing Dunford Property for Operators Satisfying Sr2 TqSr2 = S2r
In this study, we introduce a new class of operators defined by the properties S^(r/2) T^q S^(r/2) = S^(2r) and T^(r/2) S^q T^(r/2) = T^(2r) for integers r > q ≥ 0. The main objective is to investigate the Dunford property, commonly referred to as property (C), for the operators S^(r/2) T^q and T^q S^(r/2) under the condition that S^(2r) ∈ B(X). This research expands the framework of operator theory by introducing new operator classes through operator identities and extending existing ones. The motivation stems from the central role of operator equations in functional analysis and operator theory, where many fundamental problems in mathematics and physics can be reformulated as operator equations, yet certain classes remain insufficiently explored. The methodology involves an iterative analysis of local spectral subspaces and their interactions under the given operator identities. The results demonstrate that the introduced classes of operators satisfy the single-valued extension property (SVEP) and possess property (Q). Moreover, it is established that if S^(3r/2) has property (C), then both S^(r/2) T^q and T^q S^(r/2) inherit this property. These findings enrich the theory with broader generalizations and open avenues for further exploration of spectral properties and applications in mathematical and scientific contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Victor Wanjala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Critical Reflection on Ideas of African Ecology, Religious and Cultural Ideologies in Ben Okri’s Novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah
This paper discusses the intricate portrayal of African ecology, religious and cultural ideologies in Ben Okri’s novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah (2021), as a major contribution to the ongoing conversation on ecology, religion and culture. Drawing on Morton’s (2007) Eco Criticism Theory, the paper offers a comprehensive exploration of how Okri’s novel serves as a literary conduit for narrating the relationship between African ecology, religious and cultural framework. The study adopted a qualitative research approach where a purposively sampled novel, Every Leaf a Hallelujah was critically analysed. By closely analysing the narrative, the paper makes two major contributions. First, it argues that ecology and ecological crisis is a major preoccupation of the contemporary African novel, hence focusing primarily on the eco-criticism of the genre in line with the issues relevant to African studies. Secondly, it centers religion as a resource for cultural ideological conflicts, which have had an impact on cultural identity. This, in turn, addresses the problematic religious and cultural ideological differences and acknowledges the most contemporary ecological and cultural sensibilities in order to pave way for a way forward. Significantly, the findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of the nuanced interplay between Literature, ecology, religion and culture in African contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lydia Vidembu Madete, Tobias Omondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Managing performance limitations in Tanzanian open schools: An eye on Lipsky’s crow’s nest
Open schools in Tanzania are crucial for providing secondary education to adults and teenagers who are not enrolled in formal education but still face academic challenges. Prior research has mostly focused on individual (micro) teacher-client interactions, with little attention paid to organisational (meso) and national (macro) level factors. By combining micro-, meso-, and macro-level perspectives anchored on Lipsky's crow's nest, this study investigates how street-level bureaucrats address the performance constraints of open schools. As part of a qualitative case study approach, interviews were used to document experiences from selected cases. The findings indicate that inadequacy at various levels produces performance disincentives. To deal with the latter, street-level bureaucrats employ resource improvisation, peer-to-peer learning, flexible scheduling, ad hoc machinery, and informal coping mechanisms to sustain learning engagement. Although these changes support continuity in education, at some point, they compromise policy uniformity. Therefore, improving open school outcomes requires increasing the availability of resources, strengthening teacher capacity, and integrating adaptive practices into official policy.
Open Schools, Lipsky's theory, and Street-level bureaucrats, Tanzania
Copyright (c) 2025 Denis Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Academic performance of university students: Is off-campus accommodation a predicament or help?
Grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (EST), this study examined how off-campus housing affects university students' academic performance in Tanzania, both positively and negatively. The EST framework structured the analysis of interactions among housing conditions, institutional policies, social networks, and broader socioeconomic influences on student outcomes. Using a mixed-methods cross-sectional design, data were collected from 104 participants, including students, faculty, staff, and housing owners from three universities in the Morogoro Region. Participants were selected through stratified and purposive sampling, and data analysis involved logistic regression and thematic analysis. The outcome was that students living near the campus performed significantly better (p = 0.014), mainly due to better time management skills and access to academic resources. Cleanliness (p = 0.000), group satisfaction (p = 0.023), and the facilities provided (p = 0.003) also served as strong predictors of satisfactory academic performance. Higher income levels (p = 0.038) were also associated with better academic results, whereas higher rent costs (p = 0.021) negatively affected performance. Qualitative data supported these findings by emphasizing the importance of a stable peer environment, peer networks, and active family involvement. The study concludes that off-campus living can align with academic success if the housing is affordable, conveniently located, and conducive to studying. It suggests policy changes at institutions to enhance the quality of off-campus housing, implement rent caps, and bolster student support systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Venance Shillingi, Denis Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of risk reduction on the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County, Kenya
The implementation of Kenya Rural Roads Authority [KeRRA] road construction projects in Migori County faces significant risks, often leading to poor quality, cost overruns, and delays due to inadequate risk management. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of risk reduction on the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County; implementation was measured as a function of project completion within set timelines, meeting quality requirements, and being within a given budget. Guided by risk management theory, project implementation theory, and stakeholder theory, the study adopted a pragmatic research philosophy, which integrates analytic frameworks of descriptive and inferential statistics. The target population was 419 respondents, with a sample of 234; this included 39 contractors, 193 Constituency Roads Committee (CRC) members, and 2 KeRRA engineers, selected by random and purposive sampling, respectively. Data was collected with the help of a questionnaire for contractors and CRC members and a research schedule for key informant interviews with engineers. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS. The study utilized the t-statistic to test the null hypotheses. Validity and reliability of research instruments were ensured through a pilot survey and expert evaluation. The descriptive analytic framework reveals that project implementation in Migori County is below average (M=2.46, SD=1.48). The results also show that Migori County’s road construction involves moderate application of risk reduction strategy (M=3.09, SD=1.20). Linear regression analysis produced results that show that risk reduction (|t| = 2.856) is a significant determinant of the implementation of KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County. In conclusion, the study revealed that implementation of the KeRRA road construction projects in Migori County is below average; it recommends formalizing a risk reduction strategy and integrating it into policy and regulation to ensure consistent application in the road projects in Migori County.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lennard William Bundeh, Janet Auma Wagude (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Contribution of microfinance loans to women entrepreneurs in Tanzania: Reflections from the case of the National Microfinance Bank (NMB) in Arusha City
This research looked at the contribution of National Microfinance Bank (NMB) loans to women entrepreneurs in Arusha City, Tanzania. The need for this present study stems from ongoing discussions in the literature regarding microfinance’s function in bettering the livelihoods of the poor. This is more so in emerging economies, e.g., the Philippines, India, Indonesia, and several countries in Africa, where evidence has remained vague. Notwithstanding the fact that microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania have undergone accelerated growth, the vast majority of small-scale businesses struggle to remain afloat. It has been noted that most businesses stagnate or, worse, fail within the first five years of operation. As such, this issue underscores the value of critically evaluating whether microfinance interventions, especially those focusing on women entrepreneurs, are attaining their intended objectives, namely poverty reduction and economic empowerment. This study was guided by the following specific objectives: (i) to document and analyze benefits of NMB’s loan to women entrepreneurs, (ii) to examine the use of loans by women entrepreneurs, and (iii) to identify factors affecting loan performance in women enterprises and NMB. This research was anchored on the empowerment theory. This study utilized a case study research design. The targeted population encompassed women entrepreneurs and NMB staff in Arusha City. A sample size of 138 responders was purposively and randomly chosen. Data was obtained through structured questionnaires and interviews and later analyzed thematically and statistically in order to address the study objectives. The key findings indicated that NMB loans contributed positively to women entrepreneurs. This was through boosting incomes, bettering asset ownership, and raising their social standards. Accessing loans allowed women beneficiaries to finance basic needs like food, education, shelter, and health care. In addition, it assisted in diversifying their business portfolios. Nonetheless, challenges were encountered.They comprised diversion of loans, deceit, and late repayment. These curtailed the sustainability of the program. In the same vein, the minimum loan amounts availed proved to be meager to generate substantial profits. As a result, it limited entrepreneurs' capacity to expand their businesses. This study's outcomes concluded that despite the fact that NMB loans have the ability to lift the well-being of women entrepreneurs, their impact on poverty eradication remains limited without complementary measures. This research recommended that NMB ought to empower borrowers by means of training them in business management and operational skills. It also suggested that loan amounts should be increased so as to enhance business growth and sustainability. These kinds of interventions will be beneficial to the institution through better repayment rates. To the beneficiaries, there will be increased profitability and long-term business success.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Netho Ndilito (PhD) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Short run forecasting of petroleum prices in Tanzania using ARIMA and exponential smoothing: A comparative analysis
Tanzania's economy remains highly dependent on imported petroleum, with petrol price fluctuations significantly impacting inflation, transportation costs, and household welfare. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of ARIMA and Exponential Smoothing methods for short-run forecasting of petrol prices in Tanzania to identify the most accurate model for predicting future petroleum price trends. Using monthly petrol price data from 2005 to 2024 obtained from the Bank of Tanzania (BOT), we applied the Box-Jenkins methodology to compare the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Exponential Smoothing models. The ARIMA (1,1,4) with drift model was identified as optimal based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and maximum log-likelihood criteria. This model achieved superior forecasting accuracy with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 2.44%, compared to 2.58% for Exponential Smoothing. The model forecasts a steady monthly increase of 0.3-0.5% in petrol prices, projecting prices to reach 3,500.65 TZS/L by September 2026. While the model demonstrates strong predictive performance (Ljung-Box p-value = 0.265), its limitations in anticipating sudden price shocks highlight the need for complementary risk management strategies. These findings provide policymakers and market participants with a reliable tool for budget planning and economic forecasting. The study underscores Tanzania's vulnerability to global oil market volatility and emphasizes the importance of developing strategic fuel reserves and alternative energy sources to enhance energy security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bahati Ilembo, Sharifu Nurdin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
On the exponential and approximate point spectrum of a bounded linear operator in Banach spaces
This paper investigates the exponential and approximate point spectrum of a bounded linear operator in Banach spaces. We define the operator exp(T) for a bounded linear operator T in a Banach space X and determine if exp(T) is invertible. We show that if S is a bounded linear operator in X and S commutes with T then exp(S + T) equals exp(T).exp(S). If H is a Hilbert space and T is a bounded linear operator in H which is normal such that T commutes with a bounded linear operator S in H, then S commutes with the adjoint of T. The converse of this statement holds. For a bounded linear operator A in H, the boundary of the spectrum of A is contained in subset of the approximate point spectrum of A. Also, if A and B are bounded linear operators in H which are similar, then A and B have the same spectrum, point spectrum, approximate point spectrum and compression spectrum. Using the Spectral Mapping Theorem, we have shown that the exponential and approximate point spectrum are independent of the Banach space.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maureen Kipruto, Achiles Nyongesa Simiyu, Aldrin Wanambisi Wekesa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antioxidant Properties of Fagaropsis hildebrandtii and Fagaropsis angolensis Extracts
Fagaropsis hildebrandtii and Fagaropsis angolensis are widely used across East, Central, and Southern parts of Africa as traditional remedies for the management of various disorders associated with inflammation, pain, and oxidative stress. However, it remains unclear whether F. hildebrandtii and F. angolensis plant parts have equivalent efficacy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of the two medicinal plants. This was an experimental controlled research design. The study area was Embu and Makueni Counties. Methanol and water extracts of powdered F. hildebrandtii stem bark and F. angolensis leaves were prepared by maceration. Different extract concentrations were then tested for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activity using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, acetic acid-induced writhing model, and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed that F. hildebrandtii stem bark extract had higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to F. angolensis leaves (P < 0.05). However, F. angolensis leaves exhibited significantly greater analgesic activity than F. hildebrandtii stem bark extracts (P < 0.05). Comparison of antioxidant activities of the extracts did not show any significant differences (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the findings indicate variation in analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, but not in the antioxidant properties of F. hildebrandtii and F. angolensis. The study recommends plant preservation, active pharmaceutical ingredient identification, testing in non-human primates, and in clinical trials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Maloba, Sammy Kimoloi, Jared Onyancha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Changing Landscape Due to Technological Advancement and Its Influence on the Maasai Image in Ole Kulet’s the Hunter, the Varnishing Herds and the Elephant Dance
This paper examines the implications of modern technology on Maasai culture as depicted by Ole Kulet in his novels The Hunter, The Vanishing Herds, and The Elephant Dance. The study employs textual analysis within the framework of descriptive qualitative research. Through critical reading of the primary texts, complemented by secondary materials such as scholarly articles, journals, and magazines, the research explores how various characters manipulate technological resources to adapt to the dynamics of modern society. The findings reveal that Ole Kulet not only narrates the deep relationships between landscape and humanity but also highlights the impact of technology in creating unfamiliar spaces within African contexts. These new spaces, introduced by cultures that perceive landscapes differently, disrupt traditional relationships and values. The study thus portrays how technological advancement in Africa has transformed landscapes, leading to significant repercussions on African cultures and identities.
A Characterization of Classes of Linear Ternary Codes over the GaloisField GF(3)
Linear cyclic ternary codes defined over the Galois field GF(3) exhibit several advantages over their binary counterparts. For instance, they provide an extra option for each pulse resulting into a larger set of available codes at any given length. This paper presents a comprehensive study of classes of linear cyclic ternary codes of length 25 ≤ n ≤ 50. While binary codes have been extensively studied, the properties and applications of longer ternary codes remain less explored. This study address this gap by providing an in-depth characterization of these codes for the stated lengths. Using computational methods implemented in Magma software, a diverse set of linear cyclic ternary codes over GF(3) were generated and analyzed. The paper provides a multifaceted characterization framework that integrates algebraic, combinatorial, and geometric perspectives, offering a holistic understanding of these codes. This study contributes to the theoretical advancement of non-binary codes and their practical applications in error correction, cryptography, and communication systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mary Immaculate Okombo, Michael Onyango Ojiema, Benard Kivunge, Vincent Marani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimal control harvesting in a deterministic predator-prey model for a three-patch ecosystem
Predator-prey interactions play a pivotal role in shaping ecosystem dynamics, with significant implications for sustainable resource management. While much of the existing literature has focused on deterministic harvesting models in single or two-patch ecosystems, there remains a gap in exploring optimal harvesting strategies within spatially distributed multi-patch systems. This study develops a deterministic predator-prey model across three interconnected patches, representing cage-based aquaculture zones within a lake. The model incorporates prey migration between patches and harvesting applied to the prey population only. We formulate an optimal control problem aimed at maximizing the net economic return from harvesting while ensuring ecological sustainability. Using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, we derive necessary conditions for optimality and construct a time-dependent control strategy. Numerical simulations, with the help of Python software, reveal that fixed-rate harvesting lead to population decline or instability, while the optimal control strategy stabilizes both predator and prey populations within sustainable bounds. These findings provide valuable insights for fisheries management, aquaculture policy, and the design of ecologically sound harvesting strategies in multi-zone environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucian Talu Mayabi, David Angwenyi, Duncan Oganga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating Computational Generalization of Mixed Polynomial Exponential on Diophantine Equations: αn + βn + α(αsψβs)m + D = r(uk + vk + wk) with consecutive α and β
Let a, α, β, r, u, v, w, and D be integers, and let n, m, s, and k be non-negative exponents. This paper investigates the Diophantine equation αⁿ + βⁿ + a(αˢ + βˢ)ᵐ + D = r(uᵏ + vᵏ + wᵏ) for integer solutions and explores associated polynomial identities. Additionally, several conjectures are formulated in relation to this equation, aiming to extend the understanding of its integer solutions and structural properties. The focus is on finding integer solutions and examining the underlying polynomial identities. The structure of this equation—combining additive powers, multiplicative transformations, and polynomial expressions in multiple integer variables—presents unique challenges and opportunities in the search for integer solutions. By exploring cases for specific values of n, m, s, and k, we develop insights into solution sets, identify relationships among terms, and analyze the symmetry properties inherent in this equation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abraham Osogo Nyakebogo, Boaz Simatwo Kimtai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Robot Manipulator Programming Via Demonstrative-Kinesthetic Teaching for Efficient Industrial Material Handling Applications
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is on course for onboarding by the various manufacturing industries. The fluctuating nature of consumer needs has made it necessary to renovate existing industry approaches to industrial activities. This is an attempt to hold a competitive edge over conventional manufacturing activities. The development of cyber-physical systems (CPS), technological advancements, and the integration of computers in manufacturing processes have seen the introduction of robotized systems to aid in the processes. This has led to the start of smart factories, hence smart manufacturing. Today, robots are deployed in social places for entertainment, hospitals for telemedicine, industries for various activities, and fields of exploration. The robot programming techniques have significantly advanced from traditional text-based language programming (TLP) and offline programming (OLP) to various paradigms of programming by demonstration (PbD), such as tele-kinesthetic teaching (TKT) and demonstrative-kinesthetic teaching (DKT). This paper aimed to program a robotic manipulator using DKT and contrasted it against programming using structured text for industrial material handling applications. The study was validated via palletizing and contour path welding experiments. The materials for the experiments were a robotic manipulator (Dobot Magician), a laptop, USB cables, and stopwatches. A control platform for the arm was created using Microsoft Visual Studio code. The platform allowed arm manipulation, demonstratively using the hand-held trigger button on the forearm to capture motions. The palletizing and contour path weld experiments used the DKT and structured texts as programming modes. The results showed a shorter DKT reaction time than structured texts when conducting the palletizing experiment. The palletizing experimental time was lesser than when performed over the structured texts. The contour path welding indicated an equal reaction time for both programming modes but comparable experimental times. The efficiency of the DKT was taken on account of comparison of the reaction and experimental time to the structured texts, which served as the control experiment. The conclusion was that DKT was more efficient as a manipulator programming method than structured texts. Future works aimed at actual contour path welding and improvement of the control platform to a more user-friendly interface.
Copyright (c) 2024 Griffin Pilot Mabong, Emmanuel A. E. Osore, Peter T. Cherop (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Trade Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers in Tanzania: A Case of the Dar es Salaam-Namanga Busy Border Trade Post
The main objective of this study is to examine and quantify the effects of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) on cargo trade movement in Tanzania, focusing on the Dar es Salaam-Namanga Border Post. Specifically, the study aims to identify the main administrative or technical requirements along this trade route (both old and new), analyze the regularity of these requirements based on respondents’ feedback, and provide recommendations for mitigating NTBs. The study utilized an empirical survey design, collecting mostly qualitative data on border trade performance and perceived non-tariff barriers. The research was guided by economic theory and targeted formal and informal cross-border traders, transport companies, truck drivers, weighbridge attendants, and customs and revenue authorities. Data was collected through desk research, interviews, questionnaires, and stakeholder consultations. The Dar es Salaam-Namanga route was chosen for its importance as the busiest commercial corridor in the East African Community (EAC). The study employed both probability and non-probability sampling techniques, restricted to the Arusha-Namanga roadway. Four data collection methods were used: desk research, interviews, questionnaires, and stakeholder consultations. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis for qualitative information, and an econometric model based on Newton's gravitational equation (a modified gravity model) was used to quantify trade effects. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed for stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. The model's predictive power was tested using an F-test, and it was verified to meet assumptions of linearity, homoscedasticity, and multicollinearity. The results revealed that roadblocks, customs clearance, permits, and road infrastructure significantly affected trade performance. Unethical practices at weighbridges, frequent police checks, and customs procedures lead to monetary losses and time delays for cross-border traders. Bribery, police checks, and unloading processes during inspections were identified as factors contributing to the perception of NTBs as costly and time-consuming. On a positive note, improved road conditions have reduced transportation costs by lowering vehicle repair expenses and decreasing travel time. The study concludes that there is a need for regional cooperation within the EAC to eliminate existing NTBs. It recommends streamlining administrative procedures and working hours at border points, and implementing monitoring systems to ensure the effective removal of unnecessary barriers to trade. These measures are essential to improving trade efficiency and promoting the goals of the re-established East African Community.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Balozi Morwa (PhD), Netho Ndilito (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unpacking the Lean Manufacturing Implementation in Small and Medium Food and Beverage Industries in Tanzania: A Factor Analysis Approach
This paper examined the status of lean manufacturing implementation in food and beverage SMEs in the selected two regions through lean tools integrated and lean outputs achieved. The study employed a mixed method approach. Qualitative and quantitative designs were used to inform the analysis. The study used cluster random sampling with a sample of 120 industries consisting of different small and medium food and beverage processing industries. We used descriptive statistics and Index of Relative Importance to rank indicators for both lean tools implementation and lean output. Factor analysis was also used to identify the underlying relationships of the variables for lean implementation. Results show that majority of the food and beverage SMEs have adopted and implemented work standardization through presences of operation procedures to avoid variations; followed by Statistical Process Control. Also, out of the seventeen lean tools indicators, five are highly implemented in most of the selected industries for increasing process utilization, efficiency and quality improvement with the remaining twelve not highly implemented. Further, results revealed that, defective products are highly reduced in the SMEs after the implementation of lean tools, followed by reduction of inappropriate processing of products. It is recommended that, in order to identify areas for improvement, necessary for industry sustainability, the industries must do lean assessments, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to ensure the continuous improvement of lean practices. Also, tailoring lean strategies to specific sectors within SMEs is very important.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mary Shoshiwa, Bahati Ilembo, Joseph Sungau (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mathematical Modeling of Cholera Mitigation Incorporating Handwashing
Cholera is a bacterial infection caused by Vibrio cholerae. This bacterium produces a toxin that leads to severe diarrhea and dehydration. Cholera is often associated with areas with poor sanitation, limited access to clean water and overcrowded conditions. Cholera remains a significant global health concern, with outbreaks occurring frequently in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. This study aims to investigate the role of handwashing in mitigating cholera. considering the key factors such as mode of transmission, incubation period, signs and symptoms, treatment measures, risk factors and the main causes of cholera. The study tends to assess the effectiveness of handwashing as a preventive measure against cholera transmission. The research addresses the critical gap in understanding the specific contribution of handwashing in preventing cholera, considering its complex transmission dynamics. The expected results of this study are an association between increased handwashing and a decrease in cholera occurrence. Results from this study will inform evidence-based strategies for disease prevention and contribute to the broader field of infectious disease prevention modeling. The study seeks to elucidate the dynamics of cholera transmission, considering the interplay between susceptible, infectious and recovered population. Analysis of the model shows that there exists a region where the model is mathematically and epidemiologically well posed because its solutions were positive and bounded. Computation of the basic reproduction number, was done using the next generation matrix approach. It was determined that when R0 < 1, cholera does not spread. Stability analysis of the cholera model showed that the disease free equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable. Ideally, this means that keeping R0 < 1 is a possible strategy for curbing the spread of the disease. Analysis of the endemic equilibrium shows its existence when R0 > 1. Furthermore, the endemic equilibrium is also locally asymptotically stable. This shows that when R0 > 1, the disease persists and spreads in the population. Numerical simulation was done using MATLAB software to show the effectiveness of handwashing on cholera mitigation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Cherotich Sheila, Khachiti Branis, Khakali Phelesia, Kendi Risper (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Statistical Analysis of the Effect of Educational Opportunities and Community Involvement on Adolescents and Sexual Reproductive Health Policy on Retention of Girl Child in Public Secondary Schools in Butula Sub-County, Kenya
Girls’ retention in schools has been found to be a major challenge. Failure to retain girls in secondary schools can be considered as a waste of potential human resources and money spend on them in primary education and time lost in sending them to school in the first place. These girls may become a breed of illiterate women who are less productive economically, socially and politically. Among the critical contemporary social issues affecting many countries is teenage pregnancies. This research, therefore, analyses the effect of educational opportunities and community involvement on girl child retention in public secondary schools in Butula sub-county, Kenya using statistical method. Specifically, the research seeks to establish statistically the impact of educational opportunities and community involvement on girl child retention in public secondary schools in Butula Sub-county, Busia County. The study targeted a sample size of 300 respondents which were selected using convenient and purposive sampling techniques based Mugenda and Mugenda (2004) formula. Also, the data from both primary and secondary sources was used in the study. The instruments for gathering the data comprised questionnaires, interviews, and records from the schools. A SPSS version 25 was used to establish any link between the Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health Policy and girl child retention in public secondary schools Butula Sub-County, Busia County. This study will increase understanding of the effect of teenage pregnancy on class attendance in public secondary schools in Butula Sub-county. The findings of the study indicated that girls missed school during their menstruation because sanitary facilities were inadequate.
Girl Child Retention in Public Secondary Schools
Copyright (c) 2024 Caroline Awunya Asiepet (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Forecasting Inflation in Kenya Using ARIMA Model
This study was to investigates the dynamics of inflation in Kenya through the application of advanced time series modeling techniques, specifically Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) analysis. Inflation is a critical economic indicator that directly influences monetary policy, investment decisions, and overall economic stability. Given the dynamic of inflation in emerging economies such as Kenya, a fine understanding of its patterns and the ability to make accurate forecasts are imperative for policymakers, businesses, and investors. The ARIMA (2,2,2) model was employed to capture the underlying trend and seasonality in the inflation data, providing insights into the historical behavior of inflation in Kenya. In this study, we used R programming software and STATA to analyze and generate meaningful information from the data. The data was obtained from World Bank for a period from 1960 to 2022.
Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average
Copyright (c) 2024 Braden Kipkirui Cheruiyot, Rodgers Otieno Onyango, Maurine Boke Mogesi, Maureen Mumbua Kisina, Michelle Mokeira Arani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Predicting Rainfall Pattern in Kakamega County using Time Series
Rainfall patterns play a critical role in shaping various aspects of our lives. Understanding the patterns, trends and predictability of rainfall is essential for effective planning and decision making in various aspects including agriculture, water resource management, disaster preparedness and social economic planning. In agricultural activities crops require specific amount of water at the right time for growth. By understanding the rainfall patterns, farmers can adapt their farming activities, optimizing irrigation strategies and make informed decisions. In the management, it help policy makers and management authorities for planning efficient water allocations and conservations measures. Therefore, in this paper we fit a time series model that best describes rainfall patterns of Kakamega county for the general ARIMA and generated the values of (P, D, Q) to forecast average expected monthly rainfall. Also we use R software for verification and data fitting of the model. The data we have used is from the Kakamega meteorological station in Kakamega.
Copyright (c) 2024 Joan Awuor, Elvis Kemboi, Benson Nzaro, Hesbon Mocha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Numerical Solutions of Potential Flow Equations using Finite Differences
This article delves into the numerical solutions of potential flow equations using finite differences, aiming to enhance our understanding of fluid dynamics. The general objective is to obtain numerical solutions to potential flow equations using finite differences, with specific objectives including the investigation of potential flow equations, the solutions of associated PDE and the analysis of the stability of employed numerical schemes. The study employs a combination of numerical methods to achieve its objectives; MATLAB is utilized as a computational tool, while the Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi’s iterative methods are implemented for solving PDEs. Central differences are employed for discretization. The study yields valuable insights into the behaviour of potential flow systems. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to advancing our comprehension of fluid dynamics with potential applications. Generally, this work provides a foundation for further exploration and application of numerical methods in the study of potential flow.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lucy Annastacia, Collins Andete, Collins Wanyama, Paul Yongo, Benjamin Mwendwa, Griffin Omondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analyzing the Relationship between Government Revenue and Economic Growth in Kenya from 2012-2022 using Multiple Linear Regression
The relationship between government revenue and economic growth is a debate that has existed for a long time in the living history.Government revenue impacts economic growth differently within different regions. Some researchers argue that government revenue positively affects economic growth while others argue that the relationship is negative. However, minimal literature exists exploring the relationship between the two variables at country specific level. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Government revenue and economic growth in Kenya. The research adopted the correlational study design. The study used secondary data collected from the Central Bank of Kenya, KNBS, and Government records such as the finance Act. We collected data on different sources of Government Revenue such income tax, Value Added Tax (VAT), excise duty, import duty, Other tax income. The study also included data on non-tax revenue. The set of data under the study was from the financial years 2011/2012 to 2022/2023. The analysis has been done by the use of R software. To identify the level of association of the study variables such as GDP,Income tax,VAT,excise tax,import duty,other tax and non-tax revenue, he study employs multiple linear regression analysis. To check on the level of significance, we tested at 5% significant levels. The p-value is 0.008462 which was less than 0.05 hence we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is significant positive relationship between Government Revenue and Economic growth in Kenya.
Copyright (c) 2024 Paul Kinyua Ngari, Sharon Atieno Ooko, Maryann Wanjiku Huho , Sammy Kibet Chemos, Allen Nyachieo Onchimbo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Regression Analysis of the Effects of Debt on Economic Performance in Kenya
This study investigates the impact of debt on economic performance in Kenya, focusing on both internal and external debt. Using regression analysis and correlation techniques, data from 2000 to 2021 was analyzed to understand the relationship between debt levels and economic growth indicators such as GDP. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship: while internal debt shows a positive association with economic growth, external debt demonstrates a negative association. Effective debt management strategies are crucial to mitigate adverse effects, including monitoring debt levels, negotiating favorable terms with creditors, and directing borrowing towards productive sectors. Promoting export-led growth, enhancing fiscal discipline, and continuous monitoring and evaluation are recommended policy actions. Despite limitations such as data constraints and external factors influencing economic performance, future research avenues include long-term analysis, sectoral studies, comparative analyses, and qualitative investigations into stakeholder perceptions. This study contributes to understanding the complexities of debt dynamics and informs policymakers in navigating sustainable economic development pathways.
Copyright (c) 2024 Christine Kabwoya Engefu, Kevin Odhiambo Adika, Douglas Kisilu Mutua, Kevine Otieno, Isack Okumu Akeet (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Forecasting Financial Crisis using Topological Data Analysis Approach
Traditional financial forecasting methods often struggle to capture the complex interactions and emerging patterns that precede financial crises. By leveraging on TDA, this research aims to uncover potential topological features that might serve as early warning signals for impending financial crises. The study adopts the utilization of Topological Data Analysis, an initiative mathematical framework to explore and analyze the inherent topological structures within financial data set, using secondary data from ”Yahoo Finance API”. The results of the analysis conducted using Python indicate that persistence homology in TDA successfully identifies key topology features associated with financial crises, implying its potential for developing early warning systems in the financial sector. The insights gained from this analysis could significantly enhance the early detection and proactive management of system risks in financial market, thereby contributing to more robust risk assessment and policy formulation strategies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Naomi Nyaboke Oseko, Achuo Gilead Omondi, Hassan Dogo Onyango, Desma Awuor Olwa, Gabriel Maina, Moses Oruru Morara, Kelvin Mwangi Thiong’o (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
On Some Aspects of Compactness in Metric Spaces
In this paper, we investigate the generalizations of the concepts from Heine-Borel Theorem and the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem to metric spaces. We show that the metric space X is compact if every open covering has a finite subcovering. This abstracts the Heine-Borel property. Indeed, the Heine-Borel Theorem states that closed bounded subsets of the real line R are compact. In this study, we rephrase compactness in terms of closed bounded subsets of the real line R, that is, the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. Let X be any closed bounded subset of the real line. Then any sequence (xn) of the points of X has a subsequence converging to a point of X. We have used these interesting theorems to characterize compactness in metric spaces.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hillary Amonyela Isabu, Michael Onyango Ojiema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0